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Why Liars lie: What science tells us about deception
骗子为什么撒谎：关于撒谎，科学告诉我们什么
① The dangerous thing about lying is people don’t understand how the act changes us,says Dan Ariely,behavioural psychologist at Duke University. Psychologists have documented children lying as early as the age of two. Some experts even consider lying a developmental milestone,like crawling and walking,because it requires sophisticated planning,attention and the ability to see a situation from someone else’s perspective to manipulate them. But,for most people,lying gets limited as we develop a sense of morality and the ability to self-regulate.
v 翻译：杜克大学行为心理学家丹•艾瑞里表示：撒谎的危险之处在于，人们不知道这种行为会如何改变我们。心理学家发现，儿童早在两岁就开始撒谎了。一些专家甚至认为，说谎是儿童发展的里程碑，就像爬行和行走一样，因为它需要周密的计划、注意力和从他人的角度看问题从而操纵他人的能力。但是，对大多数人来说，随着道德意识和自我调节能力的发展，说谎的行为会得到控制。
v 单词或短语：
document [ˈdɑːkjumənt] v. (用文件)证明或证实 n. 文件
milestone [ˈmaɪlstoʊn] n. 里程碑;重要事件
manipulate [məˈnɪpjuleɪt] v. 操纵，控制
② Harvard cognitive neuroscientist Joshua Greene says,for most of us,lying takes work. In studies,he gave study subjects a chance to deceive for monetary gain while examining their brains in a functional MRI machine,which maps blood flow to active parts of the brain. Some people told the truth instantly and instinctively. But others opted to lie,and they showed increased activity in their frontal parietal (颅腔壁的) control network,which is involved in difficult or complex thinking. This suggests that they were deciding between truth and dishonest—and ultimately opting for the latter. For a follow-up analysis,he found that people whose neural (神经的) reward centres were more active when they won money were also more likely to be among the group of liars—suggesting that lying may have to do with the inability to resist temptation.
v 翻译：哈佛大学认知神经学家乔舒亚·格林说，对我们大多数人来说，说谎需要付出努力。在研究中，他给研究对象一个通过欺骗获得金钱的机会，同时用功能磁共振成像机检查他们的大脑，并绘制出流向大脑活跃部位的血流图谱。有些受试者立即本能地说出了真相。但有些则选择说谎,他们显示出大脑额顶叶控制网络活动增加，该网络参与困难或复杂的思维活动。这表明他们正在诚实和不诚实之间抉择——最终选择了后者。他在后续分析中发现，赢钱时神经犒赏中心更活跃的受试者更可能成为撒谎者——这表明撒谎或许跟无力抵抗诱惑相关。
v 单词或短语：
monetary gain 金钱收益
instinctively [ɪnˈstɪŋktɪvli] ad. 本能地
v 长难句分析
For a follow-up analysis,he found that people whose neural (神经的) reward centres were more active when they won money were also more likely to be among the group of liars—suggesting that lying may have to do with the inability to resist temptation.
主句为：he found that...。that引导宾语从句people were also...liars;从句中嵌套了whose引导的定语从句，修饰限定people;破折号后面为现在分词做结果状语，suggesting的逻辑主语是句子主干。
③ External conditions also matter in terms of when and how often we lie.We are more likely to lie,research shows,when we are able to rationalise it,when we are stressed and fatigued or see others being dishonest. And we are less likely to lie when we have moral reminders or when we think others are watching. We as a society need to understand that,when we don’t punish lying,we increase the probability it will happen again,Ariely says.
v 翻译：外部条件也影响着我们何时说谎以及说谎的频率。研究表明，当我们能够将其合理化时，当我们压力大、疲惫不堪或看到别人撒谎时，我们更有可能撒谎。当我们受到道德警示或者认为别人在看我们时，我们不太可能说谎。艾瑞里说：作为社会性群体，我们需要明白，如果不惩罚撒谎行为，就会增加它再次发生的可能性。
v 单词或短语：
fatigued [fəˈtiːɡd] a. 疲乏的
moral reminder 道德提醒
④ In a 2016 study published in the journal Nature Neuroscience,Ariely and colleagues showed how dishonesty alters people’s brains,making it easier to tell lies in the future. When people uttered a falsehood,the scientists noticed a burst of activity in their amygdala. The amygdala is a crucial part of the brain that produces fear,anxiety and emotional responses including that sinking,guilty feeling you get when you lie. But when scientists had their subjects play a game—in which they won money by deceiving their partner,they noticed the negative signals from the amygdala began to decrease. Not only that,but when people faced no consequences for dishonesty,their falsehoods tended to get even more sensational. This means that if you give people multiple opportunities to lie for their own benefit,they start with little lies which get bigger over time.
v 翻译：在2016年发表在《自然神经科学》杂志上的一项研究中，艾瑞里及其同事揭示了不诚实行为如何改变人的大脑，让人在未来更容易说谎。当人们说假话时，科学家们注意到他们的杏仁核出现了剧烈的活动。杏仁核是大脑中产生恐惧、焦虑和情绪反应的关键部位，包括当你撒谎时所产生的沮丧感和内疚感。但是，当科学家让受试者玩一个通过欺骗同伴来赢钱的游戏时，他们注意到杏仁核的负面信号开始减少。不仅如此，当他们并未因撒谎而受到惩罚时，他们的谎言就会变得更加耸人听闻。这意味着，如果给受试者诸多为自身利益而撒谎的机会，他们一开始会撒个小谎，随着时间的推移，谎言会越来越大。
v 单词或短语
sensational [senˈseɪʃənl] a. 轰动性的;耸人听闻的
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