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老托福阅读100篇passage33试题及答案

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老托福阅读100篇passage33试题及答案

为了帮助大家备考托福阅读,提高成绩,下面我给大家带来老托福阅读100篇passage 33试题及答案,希望大家喜欢!

老托福阅读100篇passage 33试题及答案

PASSAGE 33

Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.

Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question What will I do after graduation? A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.

A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to What will I do after graduation that will lead to successful career?

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) A tool to assist in making complex decisions.

(B) A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions

(C) Research on how people make decisions

(D) Differences between long-range and short-range decision making

2. The word essential in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) introductory

(B) changeable

(C) beneficial

(D) fundamental

3. The word pertinent in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) relevant

(B) preceding

(C) insightful

(D) responsive

4. Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?

(A) Listing the consequences of each solution

(B) Calculating a numerical summary of each solution

(C) Deciding which consequences are most important

(D) Writing down all possible solutions

5. According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that

(A) has the fewest variables to consider

(B) uses the most decision worksheets

(C) has the most points assigned to it

(D) is agreed to by the greatest number of people

6. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 by means of

(A) describing a process

(B) classifying types of worksheets

(C) providing historical background

(D) explaining a theory

7. The author states that On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at

once (lines 17-18) to explain that

(A) most decisions involve seven steps

(B) human mental capacity has limitations

(C) some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions

(D) people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice

8. The word succinct in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) creative

(B) satisfactory

(C) personal

(D) concise

9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) Proponents (line 5)

(B) Optimal (line 5)

(C) Variables (line 17)

(D) Long-range goals (line 25)

10. The word it in line 24 refers to

(A) worksheet

(B) problem

(C) distinction

(D) decision

11. The word revise in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) ask

(B) explain

(C) change

(D) predict

PASSAGE 33 ADADC ABDBB C

托福阅读怎么抓住定位词

首先介绍一下,什么是定位词?

其实很简单,打个比方,你和朋友约好了去酒吧,朋友和你说酒吧在沈阳新东方正对面,这个酒吧你是不知道地点的,也就是你的目的地;而新东方却很熟知,那么你只需找到新东方便可以找到酒吧了。在这里新东方是已知的,就是用来定位的词汇,而酒吧则是你的目的所在,也便是你要找的答案。

定位词的称呼有很多,如关键词,主旨词,功能词,中心词等等。这些只是个名称罢了,含义都是一致的:一个可以根据题干回原文定位,并能够找到出处的词,这个题干中的词就是定位词 or key word。

定位词有什么样的特征?

定位词总体特征:不可变性和细节性

不可变性:定位词是用来定位的,所以必须找那些回原文依然不变的词汇,才有意义。通常不用动词和副词来定位。通常是名词或充当定语的形容词。

细节性:不要找大概念的词汇,更不要拿代表全文主旨的词汇来定位。换句话说不要找那些原文一大堆的词汇,无法定位。

如,95年英国剑桥委员会British Council给出的唯一样题 文章 的题目是:The Spectacular Eruption of Mount St.Helens

下面有一道选择题是“ According to the text the eruption of Mount St.Helens and other volcanoes has influenced our climate by…”

拿这道题为例,如果大家把Mount St.Helens 作为关键词回原文进行定位,那你会郁闷致死,全文主要讲的就是圣海伦斯火山的喷发,原文有N多个Mount St.Helens,所以即使这个词属于大写的专有名词,但他违背了细节性,是概括性的词汇,也不能作为定位词来寻找答案。

究竟哪些词在阅读当中充当定位词?

以下是定位词的分类:

1.特殊词汇

在阅读中有一些词张的比较特殊,这种词很容易被记住,也很容易回原文定位。

好比,在大街上上看到一个人光着身子跑步-------特殊难看

一个人的个子超高,像姚明一样------特殊长

一个人身上穿着10多种颜色的衣服,而且不停的摇头-----特殊怪

特殊怪,特殊长,特殊难

这三种词就是特殊词的所有特征,在文中看到这样的词,一定要警惕。如,

Sequoia 美洲杉 ---特殊怪,很好定位,也经常作为考点。

sodium 【化学】钠---特殊难,大家只要知道是一种化学元素足矣。

Simultaneous 同时的---特殊长,这种词本身的特点决定应作为定位词。

2.数字:通常指时间,金钱和百分比。

有一个道题目是这样问的:

“What are the dates of the TWO major eruptions before 1980?”

那么像1980 3185$ 69%这些词因为长相原因,段落全是英文,突然跑出来几个数字,十分显眼,也就很好回原文找到他们。

3.专有名词:斜体字,大写人名,地名,大写的专有名词,这一点大家都很熟悉,不用多说。

4.特殊符号:

在特殊符号里或者旁边的词,最好通过符号回原文进行定位,如“paper conversation”,(three cubic miles) 这些词本身并没有什么特别,但放在符号里面,就可以根据符号回原文进行寻找。

总之,在国外考试的阅读中,无论是阅读文章,还是回答后面的10几道题目,定位词的寻找,都是一种有效的应试策略,更是学术文章的阅读的重要 方法 。

托福阅读不同题型的方法和技巧

一、单词题目

平时注意单词量的积累,力求达到可以随时随地记忆单词的境界。其实我们在记忆单词的时候也可以适当地使用一些策略,那就是在我们可以把自己的侧重点放在动词和形容词的记忆上。考试过后,你就会发现这个策略的事半功倍了。此外,对于自己不认识的单词,我们应该主动回原文找 同义词,或找相关的提示信息。

二、找代词指代对象的题目

在考试中,它们主要会以如下两种形式出现。

(1)it、one、their、its、that类,这种题目主要是考查我们对于并列关系的掌握,这时,我们应该主动去看这个词所在的那整句话,从已知话中找到处于相同地位的词。

(2)考查由that、which涉及到的定语从句类,我们在面对这种题目时,应该有意识的在选项中找从句中谓语动词的发起者或接受者,因为只有这样才可以迈出通向胜利的第一步。

三、考查文章内容的题目

在历次的托福考试中,也存在着两大主要题型,即:文章细节考查题和文章结构考查题。

1、文章细节考查题

解答文章细节考查题,我们一般都可以回到原文中去做定位,找到相近或相似的内容,进而得出答案。

常见的定位有以下3种:

(1)题目本身给出定位。

(2)至少先可作出一个段落的定位。

(3)位置多夹于前后两题位置之间。

2、文章结构考查题

一定要注意:

(1)千万不要根据你读的信息去作推理。

(2)不要把文章从头到尾当成一个整体,尽可能各段独立。

(3)根据 经验,在考试中,整篇文章的最后一句出题较多,所以应该仔细阅读这个重要的 句子 。

以上是针对托福考试阅读部分的常见题型做出的一些有关于考试解题方法与技巧的分项介绍。

在整个的阅读考试中,我们还应该了解到:

(1)在这个特殊的考试时间段内,我们的记忆比理解更为重要,在解题的时候一定要完全忠实于原文,切忌私自做出任何的主观臆断。

(2)在做题步骤方面,我们可以先简读原文(主要是各个段落的第一,二句话),而后阅读题目,最后观察选项做出判断。值得我们特别注意的是,我们在做出判断的时候,切忌不要选择在选项中存在比较,而在原文中没有明确表示过的项目;切忌不要去选择那些说法过于绝对化的选项。

求这几年老托福的真题,包括阅读听力和语法。

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托福有什么考试真题,有什么建议?

托福真题分两个部分。
1.老托福真题,就是2006年之前的,现在市场上也有整理比较全的,可以网上搜索一下,老托福阅读 和听力等。
2.新托福真题主要指2006年之后到现在的,由考生回忆的真题集,就说我们所说的托福机经,但是由于是考生自己回忆的,所以没有标准。那比较完整的托福真题就是ETS公布的目前有26套的TPO,全称toefl practice online。匹克模考tpo托福模考软件支持tpo里面的试题,所以对考生来说也是很方便的,具体的功能和介绍都可以查到,这里不多说了。

急,求2000-2005年老托福听力真题的原文,mp3和答案

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资料简介:
资料中为老托福听力的93篇。难度虽然比现在的机考要简单一些,不过,用这个难度训练已经足够了。而且是跟真题最相似的,因为它根本就是真题~
建议你要做的就是,每天跟读1-2篇。1-2个小时吧。模仿听力原文的语音语调以及断句(如果能背下来,那当然更好)。(跟读的时候要照着文本) 需要注意的是,刚开始最好是一句一暂停的模仿,不要通篇模仿,否则很难跟上。
然后,第二天要做的事情是把前一天模仿好的文章录下来(电脑-附件-录音机),然后你自己听一听,和原文对比一下。就能找到自己的不足。
如此坚持,2-4周一定见效。此法既练了口语,又同时练习了听力。
祝您考试成功!

托福阅读TPO24(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:BreathingDuringSleep

为了帮助大家备考托福阅读,提高成绩,下面我给大家带来托福阅读TPO24(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:Breathing During Sleep,希望大家喜欢!

托福阅读原文

【1】Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.

【2】During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.

【3】During NREM (the phase of sleep in which there is no rapid eye movement) breathing becomes deeper and more regular, but there is also a decrease in the breathing rate, resulting in less air being exchanged overall. This occurs because during NREM sleep the automatic, metabolic system has exclusive control over breathing and the body uses less oxygen and produces less carbon dioxide. Also, during sleep the automatic metabolic system is less responsive to carbon dioxide levels and oxygen levels in the blood. Two things result from these changes in breathing control that occur during sleep. First, there may be a brief cessation or reduction of breathing when falling asleep as the sleeper waxes and wanes between sleep and wakefulness and their differing control mechanisms. Second, once sleep is fully obtained, there is an increase of carbon dioxide and a decrease of oxygen in the blood that persists during NREM.

【4】But that is not all that changes. During all phases of sleep, several changes in the air passages have been observed. It takes twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency of the muscles used for breathing. Some of the muscles that help keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to become more relaxed during sleep, especially during REM (the phase of sleep in which there is rapid eye movement). Without this muscular action, inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon—the narrow passages tend to collapse. Also there is a regular cycle of change in resistance between the two sides of the nose. If something blocks the "good" side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then resistance increases dramatically. Coupled with these factors is the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that can change the route of airflow from nose to mouth.

【5】Other respiratory regulating mechanisms apparently cease functioning during sleep. For example, during wakefulness there is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort when inhaling is made more difficult (such as breathing through a restrictive face mask). This reflexive adjustment is totally absent during NREM sleep. only after several inadequate breaths under such conditions, resulting in the considerable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood, is breathing effort adjusted. Finally, the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing. If the irritation is severe enough, a sleeping person will arouse, clear the airway, then resume breathing and likely return to sleep.

【6】Additional breathing changes occur during REM sleep that are even more dramatic than the changes that occur during NREM. The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because, although breathing is more rapid in REM,it is also more irregular, with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing. In addition, breathing during REM depends much more on the action of the diaphragm and much less on rib cage action.

托福阅读试题

1.According to paragraph 1, which of the following can be inferred about the diaphragm during sleep?

A.During sleep the diaphragm requires increased movement of the rib cage.

B.The diaphragm helps with breathing as movements of the rib cage decrease during sleep.

C.The diaphragm requires a great amount of pressure to function properly.

D.The diaphragm contributes to the effective functioning of the rib cage.

2.According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the voluntary breathing system EXCEPT:

A.It has its control center in the brain stem.

B.It controls breathing for a number of activities during wakefulness.

C.It is able to bypass the automatic system.

D.It produces an irregular breathing pattern.

3.The word exclusive in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to

A.consistent

B.perfect

C.partial

D.sole

4.According to paragraph 3, which of the following may occur just before NREM sleep begins?

A.The automatic, metabolic system may increase its dependence on air exchanges.

B.Breathing can stop for a short time as a person falls asleep.

C.An increase in the oxygen level in the blood can occur as sleep becomes fully obtained.

D.The level of carbon dioxide in the blood may drop suddenly.

5.What is the author's purpose in stating that inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon?(in paragraph 4)

A.To refute the argument that additional effort is necessary for breathing during sleep.

B.To argue that REM sleep is more important than NREM sleep.

C.To illustrate the difficulty of breathing during sleep.

D.To illustrate how blockage of narrow passages can be prevented during sleep.

6.All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as being characteristic of breathing during sleep EXCEPT

A.relaxation of the muscles involved in the respiratory system.

B.changes in resistance between the two sides of the nose.

C.easier airflow in the passages of the upper airway.

D.absence of certain complex muscle interactions.

7.According to paragraph 5, what happens during NREM sleep when inhaling is difficult?

A.There is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort.

B.The sleeping person takes several inadequate breaths before the breathing effort is adjusted.

C.The coughing reflex causes the breathing effort to adjust.

D.The airways become cleared as the blood removes irritants.

8.It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that a very mild irritation during sleep will likely cause the sleeping person to

A.increase the breathing effort.

B.wake up and remove the source of irritation.

C.cough while still sleeping.

D.stop breathing temporarily while still sleeping.

9.The word considerable (paragraph 5)meaning to

A.significant.

B.Steady.

C.Usual.

D.necessary.

10.The word resume in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to

A.reduce.

B.stop.

C.readjust.

D.restart.

11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 6)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.Because breathing is more shallow and irregular in REM than in NREM, less air is exchanged in REM.

B.Breathing in NREM is less effective than breathing in REM because of irregular episodes of rapid breathing during NREM.

C.Because breathing is more rapid in NREM sleep than in REM sleep, breathing often becomes shallow.

D.Although REM has brief episodes of shallow breathing or lack of breathing, breathing is more rapid than in NREM.

12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. To better understand breathing during sleep, it is, however, helpful to first understand how respiration works in general.

paragraph1: Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. [■]【A】 Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. [■]【B】 However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.

paragraph2: [■]【C】 During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. [■]【D】The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.

13.Directions: From the seven statements below, select the statements that correctly characterize breathing during wakefulness and those statements that correctly characterize breathing during sleep. Drag each answer choice you select into the appropriate box of the table. Two of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.

A.The role of the rib cage increases and the role of the diaphragm decreases.

B.Carbon dioxide in blood rises and oxygen drops.

C.The coughing reflex is extremely complex.

D.A great deal of effort is used for breathing.

E.Upper airways are resistant to colds and allergies.

F.There is a drop in the volume of air that is exchanged.

G.Automatic and voluntary respiratory systems are both involved.

1 )

Wakefulne

A B C D E F G

2 )

Sleep

A B C D E F G

托福 阅读答案

1.以diaphragm做关键词定位至第三句和第四句,说ribcage运动变少,使得diaphragm更重要,但stomach的压力使得diaphragm工作起来更困难,B是正确答案。A的increased movement of the rib cage和C的需要pressure都与原文相反;D说diaphragm contributes to原文没有说。

2.EXCEPT题,排除法。A的centered in brain stem做关键词定位至第一句,但原文说这个特点是属于automatic,metabolic system的,而voluntary的center是在forebrain,所以A错,选;B的a number of activities做关键词定位至倒数第二句的一大堆活动,所以B正确,不选;C的bypass the automatic system和D的irregular breathing pattern做关键词都定位至最后一句,都正确,不选。

3.exclusive仅有,只有,排他,所以正确答案是sole。从单词本身看,include→exclude→exclusive,所以一定能得出排他之意。原句说在NREM期间,automatic系统怎么控制breathing,使得氧的需求量减少,前面一直在说两个系统,现在氧的需求量减少了,肯定是有系统不干活了,所以就是只有automatic在干活,所以答案是D只有。A持续、B完美,都不靠谱,C的partial刚好与原文意思相反,也不选。

4.此题关键词难找,可以顺序向下看,也可以用排除法,如果顺序向下看的话,会看到第一点说的是当sleeper在睡与醒之间摇摆的时候,发生了呼吸cessation,也就是stop,所以正确答案是B,stop for a short time。C和D一个说氧上升一个说二氧化碳下降,是一回事,都不是在睡觉期间发生的,所以都反了,而且两个一样的也都不选,A没说。

5.修辞目的题,先看修辞点所在的 句子,但原句整个都是一个例子,往前看。前一句仍然在说肌肉relax的事情,因此也是例子,所以看开头,开头说air passage在睡觉期间变了很多紧接着就解释睡觉期间呼吸很难,也就是开头所指的变化是睡觉的时候呼吸变难,所以正确答案是C。A的refute与原文相反;B的比较和D的prevent blockage原文都没说。

6.EXCEPT题,排除法。A的relaxation of the muscles做关键词定位至第三句,正确,不选;B的two sides of the nose做关键词定位至倒数第三句,正确,不选;C的upper airway做关键词定位至第三句,但答案的easier airflow原文完全没说,C错,选;D的complex muscle interaction做关键词都定位至最后一句,正确,不选。

7.以inhaling is difficult做关键词定位至第二句,但这句只说了difficult的事儿,没说发生了什么,往下看。下句说NREM期间什么adjustment都没有,只有在inadequate breaths之后才adjust,所以答案是B。A是wakeful时候才有的;C的因果关系原文没说;D完全没说。

8.以irritation做关键词定位至最后一句,说如果irritation太严重,睡着的人就会醒,按照正常的叙述顺序应该是先叙述mild的情况,前一句果然在说coughing reflex没产生cough,而产生了cessation of breathing,呼吸停止的状况,所以答案是D。C与原文相反;B是severe的时候才有的,A没说。

9.considerable可观的,相当的,重要的,所以正确答案是significant。从单词本身看,consider的考虑的意思是很常见的,加形容词词尾able变为值得考虑的,所以也是significant。原文说在若干次inadequate breaths之后,二氧化碳含量怎么上升氧气含量下降,才能调整breathing,一般我们说显著的变化,所以答案A,其他答案都不靠谱。

10.resume重新开始,再继续,所以正确答案是restart。原句说如果irritation太严重了,睡着的人会醒来,清理呼吸道,并且怎么呼吸,前一句都说了因为irritants呼吸停止,然后醒来,当然清理完就继续呼吸了呗,答案是D。A和B完全不靠谱,如果选C,之前应该adjust一次,但之前从来没说irritation严重的时候有先调整一次,所以C错。

11.原句的结构是exchange lower是因为blabla,所以正确答案是A,因果关系和结构都正确。其他答案都没提到exchange lower这个主干,而且B把原文非主干的部分变成了主干;C结果搞乱;D逻辑关系错。

12.两个过渡点,名词respiration和连词however。根据respiration可以初步确定答案是B或者C,但根据however断定B不对,因为两个however不能连续出现,所以正确答案是C。

13.第一段和第二段在讲wakeful部分,其余在讲sleep部分。The role选项对应第一段第三句,属于wakeful部分。Carbon dioxide选项对应第五段第四句,二氧化碳多氧少,属于sleep部分。The coughing选项原文没说reflex复杂,不属于任何一列,不选。A great deal选项对应原文第四段第三句,属于sleep部分。Upper airways选项原文没说,不选。There is选项对应原文第六段第二句,属于sleep部分。Automatic选项对应原文第二段首句,属于wakeful部分。

托福阅读译文

【1】关于人类睡觉和清醒时生理状态的差异在过去的十年里已被发现,在所有的这些差异中,呼吸系统控制方面的变化尤其引人注目。不仅是呼吸系统运作水平有差异,在如何运作方面也出现了变化。胸腔所做的呼吸运动在睡觉时会减少,使得横膈膜的收缩变得更为重要。然而由于躺下来的物理作用,胃部压迫横膈膜使得横膈膜难以工作。不管怎样,睡眠时还有很多其他的变化影响着呼吸。

【2】清醒的时候,呼吸受到两个互相影响的系统的控制。第一个是自动的新陈代谢系统,它的控制中心在脑干。它会潜意识的调整呼吸频率和深度来控制二氧化碳和氧气的浓度以及血液中的酸碱比。第二套系统是自发行为系统。它的控制中心在前脑,调节说话、 唱歌 、叹息等行为时的呼吸。它能忽略或无视自动新陈代谢系统并且产生无规律的呼吸模式。

【3】在NMER(睡觉时没有快速眼部活动的阶段)这个阶段中,呼吸会变得更深更有规律,但是呼吸频率会降低,导致总体空气交换减少。发生这个是因为在NREM睡眠阶段中,自动的新陈代谢系统会独自控制呼吸,身体会利用更少的氧气产生更少的二氧化碳。同时,自动的新陈代谢系统对血液中二氧化碳和氧气的含量反应并不灵敏。在睡眠中呼吸控制的变化会导致两个结果。第一,睡着时呼吸可能会有短暂的停止或减少,因为睡眠者在睡眠和清醒之间徘徊,而这两种状态的控制系统不一样。第二,一旦得到了充足的睡眠,血液中二氧化碳含量升高而氧气含量降低,在NREM阶段也会持续这样。

【4】但这并不是全部的变化。在睡眠的所有阶段中,气道的一些变化已经被观察到了。睡眠时需要付出两倍的努力去呼吸,因为呼吸道气流的阻力会比较强并且用来呼吸的肌肉的效率会有变化。一些在呼吸时帮助保持上呼吸道通畅的肌肉在睡觉的时候会变得松弛,特别是在REM阶段(就是有快速眼部运动的睡眠阶段)。没有这种肌肉运动,呼吸空气就像从气球里吸气一样,狭窄的通道会面临崩溃。而且鼻子两侧的阻力也会周期性改变。如果有时候堵塞了“好”的一边,比如过敏和感冒引起的堵塞,阻力就会大大增加。与这些因素一起的是那些能够改变从鼻子到嘴巴的气流路径的肌肉之间失去了复杂的交互。

【5】其他呼吸调节机制在睡眠时显然要停止运作。比如说,在清醒时如果呼吸变得困难的话就会有一个立即自动适应性的呼吸增强(比如戴上面具呼吸)。但在NREM状态时完全不存在这样反射性的调节。在这种情况下,只有几次不充分的呼吸后使得血液中二氧化碳的含量显著提升以及氧气的含量降低,呼吸才会被调整过来。最后,咳嗽反应在应对呼吸道中刺激物时产生的不是睡觉时咳嗽而是呼吸停止。如果刺激物足够严重,睡着的人会醒来清理气道,然后继续呼吸很可能再度入睡。

【6】发生在REM时期的多余的呼吸变化比发生在NREM时期的呼吸变化更显著。REM的空气交换量要比NREM低,因为尽管REM中呼吸更加急促,但也更加没有规律,包括一些简短的浅呼吸或呼吸暂停。另外,REM时期的呼吸更多取决于横膈膜而不是胸腔的作用。

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托福阅读TPO21(试题+答案+译文)第一篇:GeothermalEnergy

为了帮助大家备考托福阅读,提高成绩,下面我给大家带来托福阅读TPO21(试题+答案+译文)第一篇:Geothermal Energy,希望大家喜欢!

托福阅读原文

【1】Earth's internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics and continental drift, mountain building, and earthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electric generators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. The water is usually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; less typically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. The water is brought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.

【2】By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 80° to 180° centigrade. Water circulated through heat reservoirs in this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, and industrial spaces. More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm underground water drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.

【3】Geothermal reservoirs with temperatures above 180° centigrade are useful for generating electricity. They occur primarily in regions of recent volcanic activity as hot, dry rock; natural hot water; or natural steam. The latter two sources are limited to those few areas where surface water seeps down through underground faults or fractures to reach deep rocks heated by the recent activity of molten rock material. The world's largest supply of natural steam occurs at The Geysers, 120 kilometers north of San Francisco, California. In the 1990s enough electricity to meet about half the needs of San Francisco was being generated there. This facility was then in its third decade of production and was beginning to show signs of decline, perhaps because of over development. By the late 1990s some 70 geothermal electric-generating plants were in operation in California, Utah, Nevada, and Hawaii, generating enough power to supply about a million people. Eighteen countries now generate electricity using geothermal heat.

【4】Extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks presents a more difficult problem: the rocks must be fractured to permit the circulation of water, and the water must be provided artificially. The rocks are fractured by water pumped down at very high pressures. Experiments are under way to develop technologies for exploiting this resource.

【5】Like most other energy sources, geothermal energy presents some environmental problems. The surface of the ground can sink if hot groundwater is withdrawn without being replaced. In addition, water heated geothermally can contain salts and toxic materials dissolved from the hot rock. These waters present a disposal problem if they are not returned to the ground from which they were removed.

【6】The contribution of geothermal energy to the world's energy future is difficult to estimate. Geothermal energy is in a sense not renewable, because in most cases the heat would be drawn out of a reservoir much more rapidly than it would be replaced by the very slow geological processes by which heat flows through solid rock into a heat reservoir. However, in many places (for example, California, Hawaii, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, the rift valleys of Africa)the resource is potentially so large that its future will depend on the economics of production. At present, we can make efficient use of only naturally occurring hot water or steam deposits. Although the potential is enormous, it is likely that in the near future geothermal energy can make important local contributions only where the resource is close to the user and the economics are favorable, as they are in California, New Zealand, and Iceland. Geothermal energy probably will not make large-scale contributions to the world energy budget until well into the twenty-first century, if ever.

托福阅读试题

1.According to the processes described in paragraph 1, what is the relationship between radioactivity and the steam produced by geothermal heat?

A.Geothermally heated steam is produced when water is exposed to radioactivity deep underground.

B.When water is introduced into holes drilled thousands of feet in the ground, it becomes radioactive and turns to steam.

C.Radioactivity heats Earth's interior rock, which in turn can heat water to the point it becomes steam.

D.When a reservoir of steam in subsurface rock is produced by radioactivity, it is said to be geothermally heated.

2.The word "practical" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

A.usable.

B.plentiful.

C.economical.

D.familiar.

3.The word "abundant" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

A.economical.

B.familiar.

C.plentiful.

D.useful.

4.According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about heat reservoirs with a temperature in the range of 80°to 180° centigrade?

A.They are under international control.

B.They are more common than reservoirs that have a higher temperature.

C.Few of them produce enough heat to warm large industrial spaces.

D.They are used to generate electricity.

5.According to paragraph 3, what is the connection between underground faults and naturally occurring steam?

A.Underground faults enable the heat from molten-rock material to escape upward to regions where it can heat surface water enough to produce steam.

B.Underground faults are created by steam that is produced in geothermal reservoirs deep inside Earth.

C.Underground faults create spaces in which natural steam is sometimes trapped.

D.Underground faults allow surface water to reach deep rocks that are hot enough to turn it into steam.

6.In paragraph 3, why does the author mention that in the 1990s The Geysers was in its third decade of production?

A.To provide the historical context of the geothermal production of electricity in the United States.

B.To imply that The Geysers was the first geothermal site to be put into production in California.

C.To help explain the signs of decline shown by The Geysers.

D.To explain why 70 new geothermal sites were put into electricity production in the late 1990s.

7.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraphs 2 and 3 about geothermal reservoirs?

A.Volcanic heat is associated only with geothermal reservoirs that have a temperature over 180° centigrade.

B.More countries produce power from geothermal reservoirs than use them for heating buildings.

C.Most geothermal reservoirs are suitable for producing electricity.

D.A higher geothermal reservoir temperature is needed to generate electricity than is needed to heat homes.

8.According to paragraph 4, extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks is difficult in part because

A.the underground rock must be fractured before heat can be removed from it.

B.the water above the rock is under very high pressure.

C.the rock breaks apart when water is pumped into it.

D.the water circulated through the rock must be much cooler than the rock itself.

9.The word "exploiting" in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to

A.locating.

B.increasing.

C.making use of.

D.estimating the size of.

10.How is the problem that the surface may sink related to the problem that water heated geothermally may contain toxic materials?

A.Both problems could be solved by returning groundwater that is removed from an underground heat reservoir back to the reservoir after heat is extracted from it.

B.The problem of sinking is more difficult to solve than is the problem of toxic materials.

C.Land at the surface sinks because the rock beneath the surface is weakened when salts and toxic materials are removed from it in the process of extracting geothermal energy.

D.Both problems are caused by the fact that the hot groundwater in a heat reservoir dissolves the rock, which weakens the rock and makes the water toxic with salt.

11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 6? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.Heat flows through solid rock very slowly, so it takes a very long time for geological processes to produce a reservoir of geothermal energy.

B.Geothermal energy is not renewable because heat flows very slowly through solid rock into or out of a heat reservoir.

C.The heat quickly removed from a heat reservoir is replaced so slowly by geological processes that geothermal energy is not practically speaking, renewable.

D.In most cases, heat travels into a heat reservoir so slowfy that it is a much quicker process to remove the heat from a reservoir than to replace it.

12.In paragraph 6, the author implies that in California, Hawaii, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, and the rift valleys of Africa the potential size of the geothermal resource is so large that

A.it might be economically worth developing these sites even though geothermal energy is not renewable.

B.these sites will be the first geothermal energy sites to be developed with new technology.

C.these sites are likely to make a large-scale contribution to the world energy budget in the twenty-first century.

D.it does not matter whether they have naturally occurring deposits of hot water or steam.

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. In either case, the heated water will usually be under considerable pressure, and so may have a temperature that is well above its sea-level boiling point of 100° centigrade.

Earth's internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics and continental drift, mountain building, and earthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electric generators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. ■【A】The water is usually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; less typically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. ■【B】The water is brought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.■【C】

By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 80° to 180° centigrade. ■【D】Water circulated through heat reservoirs in this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, and industrial spaces. More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm underground water drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Heat reservoirs in the form of hot rock far beneath Earth's surface are a potential source of usable geothermal energy.

A.Heat reservoirs with a temperature from 80° to 180° centigrade can be used, as in France and Iceland, to heat buildings.

B.A number of countries now use geothermal reservoirs that contain water or steam above 180° centigrade to generate electricity.

C.Most heat reservoirs with a temperature above 180° centigrade cannot be used for energy because they are usually too close to recent volcanic activity.

D.The sinking of land above heat reservoirs and other environmental problems arise when water is pumped into a heat reservoir under high pressure.

E.Experiments are under way to determine if geothermally heated waters could be used as a source of certain minerals that have been dissolved out of hot rocks deep within Earth.

F.A number of issues, including how to extract heat from reservoirs that do not have a natural supply of water, will significantly limit the use of geothermal energy for the foreseeable future.

托福 阅读答案

1.细节题,问radioactivity和steam的关系,所以找双关键词,分别定位至本段第一句和最后一句,第一句说radioactivity提供了地球的内热,最后一句说水变成蒸汽到达地表,水受热才能蒸汽,而这份热量是geothermal energy提供的,这就是二者的关系,所以答案是C。A的水暴露在radioactive underground时候steam产生没说;B水变成radioactive没说;D的radioactivity产生蒸汽更不靠谱。

2.practical实际的,可用的,答案是A的usable,此题简单,B plentiful大量的、C economical节省的和D familiar熟悉的,完全不对。

3.abundant大量的,充足的,所以答案是C的plentiful,我怀疑这个题的选项是不是跟上一道题弄混了,待定。不过C肯定是对的。此题也较简单,其他答案完全不沾边,不会的各位最好认真背单词了。

4.以80到180度做关键词定位至第一句,说最丰富的geothermal energy是在80到180度范围内的,所以同义替换是B的more common than higher temperature。A的international control原文没说;C与本段第二句说反;D在本段没提,但下一段说高于180度的可以用来发电,所以D说反了。

5.又是一个问两者关系的题,找双关键词,定位至第三句,说natural hot water和natural steam仅存在于那些地点,地表水通过fault或者fracture渗到地下,碰到被加热的blabla,答案明显是D。A说fault使heat跑上来,和原文的方向说反了,原文是水跑下去;B说steam创造了fault完全不靠谱;C的steam被trap原文没说。

6.修辞目的题,先读例子所在句,只是细节,按照常规应该往前看,但前一句已经在上题看过,与答案无关,所以往下看,而且看下一句另外一个原因是因为代词this,下句说G经历了30年的运作,已经显示衰败迹象,可能是因为过度开发,所以答案是C,A和B的内容原文没提;D本身也是个细节。

7.此题用排除法更快,A与第二段首句说反,错;第二段只是说geothermal energy可以用来加热building,没说most,B错;C和D都可以从两段的首句看出来,第二段说最多的是在80到180度,第三段说发电需要180度以上,所以发电比别的温度高,D对,C说反。

8.整个问题做关键词定位至第一句,说从hot, dry rock抽热量是特别难的,必须先fracture rock,水也要人工引入,所以答案是A。D没说,B和C原文确实有说,但没有回答为什么难,也就是那种答非所问选项,所以也不对。

9.exploit开发,利用,剥削压榨,所以C的making use of正确。原文说人们正在实践新的技术来怎么样这种资源,B很显然不对,资源如果想加就加那就好了;A定位和D估计数量都太初级了,而且现在的技术就可以定位和算储量,明显不应该是under way。

10.又是一个问两者关系的题,本来应该找双关键词,但这段实在太短,找关键词还不如读完,快速扫完之后发现这两件事情都是由于开采地下水引起的问题,而且最后一句说如果不把地下水补充回去就会有问题,所以答案是A。两个问题之间是并列关系,既没有比较也没有因果,所以B和C都不对;D的dissolved溶解原文没说,也不对。

11.原句的结构是geothermal energy是不renewable的,因为blabla,所以前面的结果一定要有,A和D排除;原句的原因中有一个比较,说draw out比replace的快,C重现了这个比较,B没有,所以正确答案是C。

12.修辞目的题,先读细节所在句,说在这些资源如此充足的地方,资源的利用前景取决于economies of production生产经济,四个答案中只有A提到了开采是否划算的问题,所以答案是A。B和D原文直接没说;C跑到最后一句去了,跟例子也没什么关系,注意倒数第二句MS也有例子,但是题目问的不是那个。

13.这道题有一个过渡点就够了,in either case说明正确插入点之前必须有两种情况,直接确定B,因为之前有usually和less typically两种情况。

14.Heat选项对应原文第二段,正确;注意不要因为温度和国家把这个选项当成细节,即使当成细节,也可以凭其他选项都不对的排除法解决。Most heat选项与原文第三段首句说反,不选。Experiments选项MS对应原文第四段最后一句,但原文说的是利用热能,不是矿物,所以这个选项不选。A number of countries选项对应原文第三段首句,正确;注意不要因为温度把这个选项当成细节。The sinking选项不知所云,好像有语法错误,不知道是不是我的TPO版本问题,但即使这个选项语法没问题,说的也应该是第五段的细节,或者是干脆没说,所以不选。A number of issues选项对应原文第六段,正确。

托福阅读译文

【1】地球内部因放射产生的热量为板块运动、大陆漂移、造山运动和地震提供了能量。这种热量还可以用来驱动发电机发电以及为家庭供暖。水流经地表下可能几百甚至几千英尺深的热岩区域(一种热储)被加热,当被加热的水将热量传递出来时,地热能就可以实际形式加以利用了。这些水通常是沿着岩石的断面下渗的天然地下水,少数情况下是人为从地表泵入的水。通过为了采集地热能所钻的孔,这些水会以液体或蒸汽的形式被带到地表。

【2】到目前为止,最丰富的地热能形式介于相对较低的80到180摄氏度的温度。在此温度范围内的热储内循环的水可以提取出足够的热量供居住区、商业区和工业区取暖。目前在法国有20 000间以上的公寓是由温暖的地下水供暖的,这些地下水来自位于巴黎附近叫做巴黎盆地的地质构造的热储。冰岛位于一个被称为是大西洋中脊的火山构造之上。冰岛的首都雷克雅维克完全是用火山热产生的地热能供暖的。

【3】温度高于180摄氏度的地热储集层可用来发电。这类地热储集层主要位于有近期火山活动的区域,以干热的岩石、天然热水或天然蒸汽的形式存在。后两种形式的储集层局限于少数区域,在这些区域,地表水通过地下断层或断裂渗入到被近期的熔岩活动加热的深层岩石。世界上最大的天然蒸汽供应位于加州旧金山以北120公里处的盖沙斯。二十世纪九十年代,那里产出的电能足够满足旧金山半数的需求。当时该电厂已经有三十个年头了,开始显示出发电量下降的迹象,这可能是由于过度的开发所致。到二十世纪九十年代末,加州、犹他州、内华达州和夏威夷约有70个地热发电厂在运转,产生的电能足够满足一百万人的需求。目前有18个国家在利用地热能发电。

【4】要从极干热的岩石中提取热量存在一个更大的难题:岩石需要有裂缝才能让水流通,而且水必须是人工提供的。通过泵入高压水可以将岩石断裂。开发利用此能源的技术的实验正在进行之中。

【5】就像大多数 其它 能源一样,地热能也具有一些环境问题。如果抽取地下热水而又不泵回,地表就会下沉。此外,地热加热的水含有从热岩中溶出的盐分和有毒物质。这些水如果不能被输送回抽取的地方,将会产生处理方面的问题。

【6】地热能对世界能源未来的贡献是难以估量的。地热能在某种意义上讲是不可再生的,因为多数情况下,与热量流经坚硬的岩石到达热储这个极为缓慢的地质作用的更新速度相比,从热储提取热量的速度要快得多。不过,在很多地区(例如加州、夏威夷、菲律宾、日本、墨西哥、非洲的裂谷),这种能源可能非常可观,它的前景将取决于经济的生产。目前,我们只能有效地利用天然形成的热水或蒸汽形式的地热能。尽管潜能巨大,近期之内地热能可能只能对毗邻用户以及经济状况良好的地区做出重要的局部贡献,就像在加州、新西兰和冰岛地区的情况一样。如果可能的话,地热能估计要到二十一世纪才能对世界的能源预算做出大的贡献。

托福阅读TPO21(试题+答案+译文)第一篇:Geothermal Energy相关 文章 :

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★ 托福阅读TPO20(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:FossilPreservation

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托福听力全真试题详解(ETS中国惟一授权出版)的听力问题

真题,但是没有原文.有70多M左右.是ETS官方提供的真题..
供免费下载的托福网考真题包括以下内容:
•阅读部分 —— 阅读一篇短文并回答14道问题,及参考答案(不予评分)
•听力部分 —— 听一段对话和讲座并回答11道问题,及参考答案(不予评分)
•口语部分 —— 阅览6道问题及相应口语作答范例;并查看相关评分标准
•写作部分 —— 阅览2道问题及相应写作作答范例,
ETS免费提供托福网考真题
http://www.ets.org/Media/Tests/TOEFL/exe/toeflSample.exe

小托福真题哪个版本好

备考托福的朋友肯定需要一些教材资料,选择合适而实用的教材资料是非常重要的一件事,那么大家知道该选择什么样的阅读教材吗?下面我给大家推荐一下。
托福阅读书籍如何选择?
有的时候,市面上的学习资料不是太少了,而是太多了。如果用“乱花渐欲迷人眼”来形容现在的托福书籍市场,真的是毫不过分,仅是流行的longman,delta,Thomson,Barron,高分120,TPO,剑桥,Kaplan就已经是一只手数不过来了。如果再加上很多根本不流行的,很可能要用上朋友的手指头,加脚趾头才能数的清。
但是实际上,绝大多数由于出得很早,就是因为早期占领了市场而保证销量延续至今,但是实际上大多只能算是败絮其中,要是谈兵法,就要首先把市面上的常见材料分分清。
Longman:真的是很初级的教材,难度远远低于新托福的实际水平,找快感,树立自信用这个材料不错,除此之外,用处不大。当然这是针对基础不错的,要是基础一般的话,这个作为入门材料也未尝不可。
Delta:难度略高于Longman,不过现在看来,相比与新托福考试,这本书的作用也仅限于垫桌子角仅此而已,如果非要说有什么用的话,就是跟Longman一样,在寒冷的冬夜,可以用来取暖!不知道卖女孩的小火柴^_^会不会惊恐的看到篝火之中出现的不是大餐,而是ETS的logo^_^
Thomson:如果你真的想花钱在这个东西的身上的话,你最好把这些钱捐给李连杰的“壹基金”,相信孩子们的那些教科书比这本书有用多了。Thomson虽然比Delta还是算稍微难一点,以及模考软件做得更精良一点。但是如果你追求效率的最大化的话,这本书也是可以跳过的。
Barron:这本书要是跳过的话,很多人就有点不舒服了,因为这本书,在新托福考试的早期还是很受人追捧的。但是无可奈何花落去,虽然这本书在 文章 的选材,以及题目的难度上,还是可以被稍微认可的。但是我们不得不承认这本书现在与新托福突破口TPO也就是真题比较起来,真的是出题思路或者说出题方向不一致,如果你在考前只坚持用这本书的话,你很有可能是南辕北辙了,现在来看,第一难度偏低,第二思路有偏差,第三考点有偏差。因此这本书可以在准备考试的初期拿来做一做,但是最大的时间还是要放在新托福突破口TPO上的。
剑桥:直接扔!名气大?!那好吧,回答这个问题LV牌的臭豆腐你吃么?
Kaplan:简单来说,难度过大,出题思路诡异,答案就显得更加诡异!完全不建议做!
高分120:这本书可以说还是不错的。贴近新托福考试难度,当然还是与前面所提到的材料相比。不过必须客观的说,就现阶段的新托福考试的整体水平,出题难度,确实是高分120是最好的非官方材料,没有之一!无论是从文章难度,还是从选材以及题目的设置都是不错的!值得推荐!
新托福突破口TPO:ETS官方的材料,当然是最好的了!但是我们也必须看到,新托福考试的难度还是在逐年上升的,因此很多筒子们都赶脚到,前面的新托福突破口TPO阅读的难度要低于新托福突破口TPO后面几条的难度,这就是因为ETS是每年都会放出一些新的新托福突破口TPO,代码越大的新托福突破口TPO就越新,也就越接近现在的新托福考试,因此如果想知道现在的新托福考试到底是什么难度,做最新的也就是TPO19是没有错的!但是别急!要知道新托福突破口TPO到现在也只有19套,因此一定要记得至少留3套进行模考哦!至于现在的新托福突破口TPO我们最常得到的是3个版本,一个是黄金阅读的word版本,再一个是PDF的版本,其实内容差不多,用前面的word版本更好。再一个就是用PPS的模考版本,这个在各大 留学 论坛上都能找到!
乱花渐欲迷人眼,浅草才能没马蹄。最爱湖东行不足,绿杨阴里白沙堤。自己的心是美的,托福考试也就是美的。
托福阅读:如何选择合适的英文原著
在阅读考试中能力更为重要?
很多刚来新东方上课的同学总有一个梦想,就是希望我们老师可以传授他一套神秘的做题技巧,学到之后就可以在单词不认识,句子 看不懂的情况下答对题目。所以当我第一节课想跟学生分析长难句时,有的同学就有点小失望,说自己考试很急,希望可以直接先学做题套路,这时候我就要跟他讲道理了。我说,这就好像我有一本射雕英雄传里的九阴真经,要是拿出来直接给你练,你啥内功也没有,相信我,你一定会走火入魔练成神经病的,郭靖之所以可以练,是因为他学会了全真教正确的呼吸吐纳练内功的 方法,并且已经有很深厚的内功积累了,再练各种真经,就是锦上添花迅速进步了。
所以说,我们想要提高阅读考试的成绩,最根本的还是提高自己的阅读能力,这里的能力包括积累一定的词汇量,掌握分析各种长难句分析的方法,通俗的讲,就是要真的能看懂题目看懂文章,这样的话,最后再学个做题套路,基本就是稳稳的高分了。我印象特别深的就是几年前带过的一个冲刺班,班里五个同学,程度都不错,就是我所说的能够看懂文章的同学,所以在学完课程后,五个同学中有四个轻松考到了28,29,29,30这样的分数,我没有花太多额外的力气,他们也没有特别痛苦,就拿到了理想的分数。而一些基础特别弱的同学,词汇量不够,句子看不懂,就吃力多了,哪怕学会了所有技巧,依旧很可能在个位数徘徊,分数由天定,看当天考试运气。而从个位数冲两位数就无论如何逃不掉能力积累的过程了。因此,哪怕是应试,我也是非常不赞成临时抱佛脚的,功夫一定是下在前面的,这也是为什么我希望大家可以尽早的开始积累,开始阅读。
为什么希望大家不仅要阅读,还要把阅读变成习惯?
阅读能力的培养主要是词汇积累和长难句的理解分析,我个人觉得,又有效又有趣的学习积累方法,就是原文书的阅读了。首先原文书的阅读对提高词汇量非常有帮助。大家应该都有背厚厚的词汇书的体验,背到把单词的位置都记下来了,但偏偏单词出现在文章里又想不起来意思。这是因为大家在背单词时,总是习惯只看离单词最近的中文释义,懒得去研究单词的语境,如果碰到记忆过的很熟悉的单词就更不会去琢磨这个单词真正的含义了,导致的结果就是碰到语境无法产生条件反射,碰到词汇题各种栽更头,可以给大家举一个TPO24的词汇题的例子:
gain 大家都认识的,获得,有同学就觉得很奇怪了,选项没有一个翻译出来是“获得”的意思,想要去上下文推断,这其实是不对的,我们要思考的应该是什么叫“获得”,以及gain 这个词一般出现在怎样的语境里面。如果你看到过这样的语境,说:某人最近吃的特别多,然后gain weight了,我想这个词汇题就完全难不倒你了,因为你知道这里的获得重量就是增重的意思,是lose weight的 反义词 。那刚刚的词汇题就肯定毫不犹豫选increases了。养成阅读习惯的好处,就是加强词汇在语境中意思的记忆,带着语境认识的单词才是你真正认识,真正理解的单词,同时,读文章过程中反复遇到单词,就是一遍遍加深记忆的过程,词汇记忆的奥义就是重复,反复记忆,阅读提供了这样的机会。
除了对单词积累的帮助,多看句子肯定是可以加强语感的,反复阅读反复练习长难句理解的方法,从看不大懂,到有点看懂,到可以慢慢看懂,最后可以熟练看懂,就是阅读能力最大的成长了。当然,光心血来潮读几天是没有用的,读书讲求坚持,一开始会比较痛苦,但如果可以坚持看完一本书的10%,接下来会越来越轻松,会沉浸到作者的世界里,会获得成就感。这时,你便有能力拥有一个世界上最经济的 兴趣 爱好 了——阅读。
如何挑选适合自己阅读水平的原文书
最后,关于怎样挑选合适自己阅读的英文书。首先大家要知道英语书分为小说类和非小说类,其中小说的难度往往是大于非小说的,而托福考试因为是语言类考试,选取的是相对语言难度低一些的非小说类的学术文章,而像SAT和ACT这样的考试,就会涉及到小说类文章。备考托福的同学,可以优先选择非小说类文章,而之后还要备考SAT或ACT考试的同学就可以循序渐进到小说类文章的阅读了。
选择适合自己的阅读材料要遵循三个原则:一是要感兴趣,二是要有质量保证,三是要难度适中。英文阅读本身就是一件有挑战的事儿,如果文章话题再让人提不起兴趣,那谁都很难坚持下去。比如,有的同学对世界政治、经济等话题很感兴趣,可以选择坚持阅读《经济学人》,有的同学喜欢有点小文艺的文章,可以读读《纽约客》,如果有同学不仅备考托福,还要备考SAT,经典小说也是不错的选择。还有同学如果真的对这些都不感冒,任何有点兴趣的原文书都是可以的,哈利波特可以,____都可以,总比不读书强。
当然一定要保证阅读材料的质量。千万不要选择网上没有可靠来源的文章,而要选择正规出版物,以免受到误导。最后,寻找难度适中的读物。刚刚我已经给大家推荐了一个阅读能力测评网站,大家的蓝思指数可以在ReadingPro官网通过阅读测试获得。下面就告诉大家原文书的蓝思指数在哪里,除了刚刚的ReadingPro官网也有不少读物的蓝思指数,更多更权威的原文书原文材料的蓝思指数是可以在蓝思官网www.lexile.com查询得到的,二者之间进行匹配就可以找到难度适中的读物了。比如我的蓝思指数是1600,那我就可以选择蓝思指数在1500-1650之间的书本进行阅读了。
有了合适的阅读材料,我们就要选择适合自己的阅读方式了。现在的阅读 渠道 比较多,除了纸质书,还可以从网页上,手机App上和Kindle上进行阅读。我个人比较推荐的是纸质书和Kindle。网页和手机比较容易让人在阅读时分心,同时屏幕对眼睛也不是特别好,不推荐使用。如果实在客观条件只允许使用电脑网页的话,可以选择依旧在ReadingPro的平台上阅读,他的优势是界面比较友好,有大量免费的经典文学名著和分级读物可供大家在网页上进行阅读,平台还自带查词功能。我个人最喜欢的是Kindle, 电子油墨屏跟纸张感觉很像,看久了也不会累,而且现在Kindle格式的书本网上资源非常多,大家只要百度书名.mobi就可以搜到Kindle上可以阅读的书本了。
 托福 阅读推荐 使用的备考材料
托福阅读备考中推荐使用的主要材料有:托福官方指南(OG),TPO1-31,老托福阅读100篇。
首先说OG,这本书对于初学者来说是比较重要的。拿到手时,先看一下36页到60页的内容,涉及十大题型的介绍,每个题型下面都有相应例题。在所有题型介绍完之后,有六篇和考试相仿的文章,可以挑出其中一篇或三篇用于自测。书中所附的答案都有详尽的解释。在上任何辅导班之前,都有必要自己先了解一下,这一方面在于摸清自己的水平,一方面也能提高之后首次课的听课效率。
其次是需要重点利用的材料,TPO1-31。TPO(TOEFL Practice Online)本来是在线测试的题目,现在在网络上都能找到模考软件版和word文档版,也可以直接找同学老师拷贝。不定期会有更新,现在一共出到了31套,也就是有93篇文章,相较于OG上面的文章来说。TPO的难度是有所提升的(最新版OG的3套练习均来自TPO)。TPO是托福考试的出题者制作的,是最接近考试难度的备考材料。任何主流的辅导班,基本都是以此为重点加以讲解分析。因此,TPO在质和量上都能满足任何学霸。
经常有学生问是不是越到后面的文章越难,但其实难度分布没有这一规律。如TPO1-2、8-3、9-2、13-2、16-2、19-1、19-3就比后面很多文章难得很多。使用方法是:
1、利用word版,从TPO1到10,可以按照OG中十大题型(除了内容小结题和图表题)的分类进行专门的题型练习,结合OG 总结 出一套自己的做题方法。
2、利用word版,从TPO10到15,进行整篇文章的整合训练,看前面所有的题型结合起来,在整篇文章中是如何能起到相互弥补的作用。这时的练习不需要计时。关键在于吃透题目、段落之间的关系。总结出内容小结题和图表题的做题方法,同时回顾之前篇章的这两个题目。
3、利用word版,从TPO16到20,整篇文章的计时练习。时间可以由慢到快(25分钟到23分钟再到20分钟)。分析错题原因的同时分析哪些题目上需要提速。
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