托福听力题目主要包括八种类型,分别是:预测题、推理题、重听题、是非判断题,主旨题、细节题、结构题、态度题。今天小编就给大家介绍下托福听力八大题型。
题型1:预测题
预测题是对长对话或讲座结束后将会发生何种事情的猜测的考查。这种没有一个鲜明特征,就是在题干中经常会出现will这个表示将来时态的助动词。预测题常见的提问方式有以下几种:
What will the man do after the conversation?
What will the student include in his assignment?
What kind of assignment will the professor give?
考生在解答预测题时首先要注意,预测题有一个十分常见的情况,就是它的答案一般都出现在一篇录音材料的结尾。同时,预测题的答案在出现时一般都是由讲话人使用一个提出建议的句子来给出。因此,考生只要在文章结尾听到提出建议的句子,一定要将其中所提出的建议记下来,这往往就是预测题的答案。
表示建议的常见句型:
How about…
What about…
Why not…
Why don’t you…
Would you mind…
Would you please…
I have a suggestion for you.
You need to…
You should…
You’d better…
题型2:推理题
推理题是让考生根据所听内容进行推理从而选出答案的题型。常见的提问方式包括:
What does the woman imply about the new medical research?
What can we infer from the professor’s comment on the New England system?
在做题时,考生首先需要仔细读清楚选项。因为推理题的答案一般不会在录音材料中给出,而是需要考生对材料内容进行进一步引申,得出更深层次的内容。
所以,考生往往只有在读完选项之后才能知道答案对应的内容。同时,推理题虽然考查的是录音材料的细节之处,但是其考查内容还是围绕着全文主题展开的。因此在做题时,考生如果实在不知道选哪一个,那么就可以去选和全文主题最接近的选项,这样的选项大多数都是正确的。
题型3:重听题
重听题是托福听力题目中一种非常特殊的题型。在这种题目中,讲述人会把录音材料中的一小部分内容重新读一遍,然后让考生根据这段重新听到的内容找出符合要求的选项。在考试中,每道重听题中都会给出一个耳机的图标。其常见的提问方式为:
Listen again to part of the lecture, then answer the question.
What does the professor mean when she says this?
重听题的解题思路比较多样化。有些题目考查所重复段落的含义,有些题目考查段落中某个习惯用语的含义。考生要根据自己所听到的内容,辨别出题人想考查的到底是哪方面的内容。
另外,有些重听题中虽然重复了一部分文章内容,但是必须结合重复的内容在录音材料中的上下文去推理才能得出答案。所以考试在做题时要保持清醒的头脑,如果发观从重复的内容中找不到答案,就要立刻回忆,从上下文中去寻找正确答案。
题型4:是非判断题
是非判断题也是托福考试改革后出现的较为新颖的题型,一般是列出很多与录音材料中所提及的内容较为相似的句子,让考生辨别究竟哪些是录音材料中提到的。以下例题是其常见的出题方式:
The professor discusses how an animal becomes a fossil after its death.
Indicate whether each sentence below is a step in the process.
YES/NO
The animal dies.
The hard tissues decompose.
The soft tissues decompose.
The hard tissues remain.
是非判断题多数情况下与细节题考查的内容有类似之处,需要考生多关注录音材料中的细节之处。是非判断题的YES和NO的答案个数并不是平均分配的,但一般不会出现所有答案全是YES或者NO的情况,考生可以利用这一点,在做题时判断自己的选项是否选得合适。
题型5:主旨题
主旨题是以录音材料的主旨大意作为考查内容的一种题型。主旨题的考查频率非常高,几乎每篇托福听力的录音材料都会考一道主旨题,有的录音材料甚至会考两道。主旨题常见的提问方式有以下几种:
What is the main idea of this lecture?
What are the two speakers talking about?
Why does the student go to see his professor?
主旨题虽然考查频率高,但是相对来说解题难度并不大。大多数托福听力录音材料的主题都会出现在开头的1-2分钟内,有时主题的关键词或是关键词组在录音中还会被反复提及。考生只要抓住录音开头的内容,就能够解决大多数的托福听力主旨题。除此之外,解答某些主旨题必须将录音材料各段的主题加以归纳,才能够得出全文的主旨。只要考生听懂了每段话的开头几句,这些题目一般解题难度也不会很大。
题型6:细节题
细节题,顾名思义,就是考查录音材料中细节信息的题型。这是在托福听力所有题型中考查频率最高的一种题型,每篇录音材料平均都会考查3-4道题。这种题目考查的具体内容非常琐碎,时间、数字、回答的内容、列举的内容都能成为细节题的考查对象。要想做好细节题,考生需要对说话人提到的时间、地点、物品名称等多加留意。细节题常见的提问方式有以下几种:
When will the woman go to the lab?
What does the word “anthropologist" mean? According to the passage, what is
the most significant event in 2.000 B.C.?
Why does the critic dislike the ancient style of sculpture?
题型7:结构题
结构题是以录音材料的行文结构、展开顺序作为考查内容的题型,常见的提问方式有以下几种:
What is the organization of this passage?
How is the lecture organized?
What method does the professor use to develop his idea?
在实际考试中,结构题考得并不多,但是解答起来却令很多考生感觉头疼。因为任何一篇录音材料都不会主动讲出“本文是一种怎样的结构”,因此想从讲述人所说的内容中直接找到答案是很困难的。那么想解答这种题目,考生就需要在复习时熟练掌握托福听力的录音材料有哪几种常见结构,每种结构有什么特征。只有这样,在做题的时候才能够做到有针对性地听题。
题型8:态度题
态度题是考查说话人对某话题所持的态度的题型。这种题型考查的范围比较广泛,有些题目考查说话人对某人的态度,有些则考查说话人对某事件的态度,还有的题目会考查说话人对某观点的态度。态度题常见的提问方式如下:
What is the professor’s attitude toward the expe rt on the television
programme?
在解态度题时,讲话人的语气和语调是一个非常重要的解题因素。在录音中,如果说话人突然出现声音变大、语调降低或者说话重复、结巴等现象,往往都从侧面表明了其对某一事物所持的态度。考生在听到这样的句子时一定要加以辨识。
一、表格题分为两大类:总结表格题和对比表格题。
1、总结表格题
相对而言,总结表格题的出现频率要高于对比表格题,这是由它们自身特点,出题方式和原文是否具备对比对照关系这三方面的因素决定的。
2、题的出题模式有两种:
一种是针对全文内容出题,答案由全文的主题,细节和重点支持段落的概述三部分组成。另外一种是针对文章中的重点支持性段落出题,答案由这些重点支持性段落主题,段落结论,以及重点支持性例子的概述三部分组成。这里我们重点看第一种出题模式。
我们来看一个例子,
The Atlantic Cod Fishery
Off the northeastern shore of North America, from the island of
Newfoundland in Canada south to new England in the United States, there
is a series of shallow areas called banks. Several large banks off
Newfoundland are together called Grand Banks, huge shoals on the edge of
North American continental shelf, where the warm waters of the Gulf
Stream meet the cold waters of Labrador Current. As the currents brush
each other, they stir up mineral from the ocean floor, providing
nutrients for plankton and tiny shrimp-like creatures called krill,
which feed on the plankton. Herring and other small fish rise to the
surface to eat the krill. Groundfish, such as the Atlantic cod, live in
the ocean’s bottom layer, congregating in the shallow waters where they
prey on krill and small fish. This rich environment has produced cod by
the millions and once had a greater density of cod than anywhere else on
Earth。
Beginning in the eleventh century, boats from the ports
of north western Europe arrived to fish the Grand Banks. For the next
eight centuries, the entire Newfoundland economy taking fish back to
European markets. Cod laid out to dry on wooden “flakes” was a common
sight in the fishing villages dotting the coast. Settlers in the region
used to think the only sea creature worth talking about was cod, and in
the local speech the word “fish” became synonymous with cod.
Newfoundland’s national dish was a pudding whose main ingredient was
cod。
By the nineteenth century, the Newfoundland fishery was
largely controlled by merchants based in the capital at St. John’s. They
marketed the catch supplied by the fishers working out of more than 600
villages around the long coastline. In return, the merchants provided
fishing equipment, clothing, and all the food that could not be grown in
the island’s thin, rocky soil. This system kept the fishers in a
continuous state of debt and dependence on the merchants。
Until
the twentieth century, fishers believed in the cod’s ability to
replenish itself and thought that overfishing was impossible. However,
Newfoundland’s cod fishery began to show signs of trouble during the
1930s, when cod failed to support the fishers and thousands were
unemployed. The slump lasted for the next few decades. Then when an
international agreement decided to build up the modern Grand Banks fleet
and make fishing a viable economic base for Newfoundland again. All of
Newfoundland’s seafood companies were merged into one conglomerate. By
the 1980s, the conglomerate was prospering, and cod were commanding
excellent prices in the market. Consequently, there was a significant
increase in the number of fishers and fish—processing plant workers。
However, while the offshore fishery was prospering, the inshore
fishermen found their catches dropping off. In 1992, the Canadian
government responded by closing the Grand Banks to groundfishing.
Newfoundland’s cod fishing and processing industries were shut down in a
bid to let the vanishing stocks recover. The moratorium was extended in
1994, when all of the Atlantic cod fisheries in Canada were closed,
except for one in Nova Scotia, and strict quotas were placed on other
species of groundfish. Canada’s cod fishing industry collapsed, and
around 40,000 fishers and other industry workers were put out of work。
Atlantic cod stocks had once been so plentiful that early explorers
joked about walking on the backs of the teeming fish. Today, cod stocks
are at historically low levels and show no signs of imminent recovery,
even after drastic conservation measures and severely limited fishing.
Fishermen often blame the diminishing stocks on seals, which prey on cod
and other species, but scientists believe that decades of overfishing
are to blame. Studies on fish populations have shown that cod
disappeared from Newfoundland at the same time that stocks started
rebuilding in Norway, raising the possibility that the cod had migrated.
Still, no one can predict whether and when the cod will return to the
Grand Banks. ]
An introductory sentence for a brief summary of
the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the
THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas that are not
presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This
question is worth 2 points
The Atlantic cod fishery has shaped Newfoundland’s economy for centuries。
1、Cod fishing was so successful that few people considered the possibility of overfishing until fish stocks fell。
2、Despite severe limits on fishing, cod stocks remain at low levels and show few signs of recovery。
3、The Canadian government tried to diversity Newfoundland’s economy in the 1980s
Answer Choices
(1)Atlantic cod stocks were once plentiful in the rich environment around the Grand Banks。
(2)The Atlantic cod is a groundfish that preys on herring and small fish that eat krill。
(3)Cod fishing was so successful that few people considered the possibility of overfishing until fish stocks fell。
(4)The Canadian government tried to diversity Newfoundland’s economy in the 1980s。
(5)Despite severe limits on fishing, cod stocks remain at low levels and show few signs of recovery。
(6)Newfoundland exports millions of dollars worth of crab and other shellfish every year。
解题基本思路:首先确定这个题目属于总结表格题,其主题为The Atlantic cod fishery has shaped
Newfoundland’s economy for
centuries。(鳕鱼渔业带动了纽芬兰经济发展已经有好几个世纪。)后面三个分论点的内容都是围绕这个论点展开:
因为渔业的发达
人们忽略了过度捕杀来的问题;尽管采取各种限制捕杀政策,鳕鱼的库存还是不断减少而其数量也没有回升的迹象;加拿大政府从20世纪80年代开始想办法来繁
荣纽芬兰的经济。通过对上面这些句子和主题的分析,我们已经可以猜出文章的主要内容,人们的过度捕杀导致自己的经济来源-鳕鱼数量不断减少。
根据这个理解然后看答案。根据文章内容,我们知道选项 A,C,E与文章的内容和题目表格内容相符合。其中B内容在文章中有,但是不符合,D的内容也是正确的,但是与E相比,E更合适,而F 直接排除掉。
3、总结表格题做题三大步骤:
判断题目类型(全文型还是段落型)--------------根据题目类型找主题、细节和支持性段落/事例--------采用排除法找出正确答案。
4、对比表格题
对比表格题都会有明确的对比项,也就是在文章中几个不同事物之间相对比。
这类型的题目相对于总结表格题来说简单。只要按照文章题目的要求,返回原文去找和要求意思相近的答案就可以了。其具体解题方法和总结表格题相同,所以这里就不赘述了。
总之,在托福阅读题型中,判断题目类型(总结表格题和对比表格题)--------------根据题目类型找主题、细节和支持性段落/事例--------采用排除法找出正确答案是解决这类问题的最佳策略。
托福考试阅读技巧一、逆向推断
这类推断比较明显,往往在关键句当中有能利用的时间,地点,还有具体的取非词,找到之后针对该句的意思取个反就行。
1.The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of a new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and make lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid –nineteenth century, a process was developed to refine tallow with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin.This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make allow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor.
Which of the following can be inferred from this paragraph about candles before the nineteenth century?
A They did not smoke when they were burned
B They produced a pleasant odor as they burned
C They were not available to all
D They contained sulfuric acid.
这句话根据candles定位到第一句话,发现里面有the nineteenth century这个时间点,那题干问的是before the nineteenth century的情况,所以果断取个反选C
2.This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height. The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals. This job gave Smith an opportunity to study the fresh rock outcrops created by the newly dug canal. He later worked on similar jobs across the length and breadth of England, all the while studying the newly revealed strata and collecting all the fossils he could find. Smith used mail coaches to travel as much as 10,000 miles per year. In 1815 he published the first modern geological map, “A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scotland,” a map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today.
Which of the following can be inferred about canal building?(2)
○ Canals were built primarily in the south of England rather than in other regions.
○ Canal building decreased after the steam locomotive was invented.
○ Canal building made it difficult to study rock strata which often became damaged in the process.
○ Canal builders hired surveyors like Smith to examine exposed rock strata.
这道题同样根据canal building定位到第一句,在steam locomotive出现之前,cananl building一直是稳坐泰山的地位,而题干问现在canal building怎样,所以取个反,选B。
托福考试阅读技巧二、正向推断
这类推断适应于题干与原文关系属于抽象与具体关系(整体与部分关系),往往我们解题时要找出相应句子之间的关系。
1.Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.
It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in which of the following locations (4)
○On land
○Both on land and at sea
○In shallow water
○In a marine environment
本题问Basilosaurus在哪里哺育生命,我们发现原文里没有直接体现相关概念的定位句,但是标红句告诉我们Basilosaurus是一个海洋生物,那试想一下,海洋生物在哪里哺育生命?当然在海里了,所以选D。
2.Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.
Which of the following can be inferred about redwood forests?(3)
○They become less stable as they mature.
○They support many species when they reach climax.
○They are found in temperate zones.
○They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.
这道题也很经典,首先根据题干定位词redwood forest定位到标红句,但是仔细看一下4个选项中没有能直接体现相关意思的(比如A选项,They指代的是redwood forest,而原文指的是species的数量减少),这时候往前找更抽象的句子,发现前一句,说at least in temperate zones那这就表明下面的概念都是在temperate zones这个大环境下描述的,那么作为细节出现的redwood forest当然也应该满足这个条件。所以选C。
关于如何提高托福阅读答题正确率,有以下一些方法:
进行模拟测试
要求自己在20分钟之内完成一篇文章。期间排除环境干扰,不能查单词,甚至不能上厕所。一切都模拟真实考试环境,目的是为了让我们在考试前对真实考试的压力和精力需求有直接的体验。
标注错题
问问自己错误选项为什么错,正确选项为什么对。如果做题时不能确定选项,就算做错。在这个环节要注意分析自己喜欢错哪个类型的题目,并进行总结。同时,把错题和错题所对应的段落复制到错题文档中。
查阅单词、词组,分析文章
这是真正能够提高阅读能力的环节。回到原文之中,逐句逐词读文章,遇到每一个自己不认识的单词都查一下,并且结合文章内容,把它背诵下来。每个意思不确定的词组,也要通过一切手段搞懂。在单词和词组的基础之上,搞懂文章每一句话的意思、每个段落的内部逻辑、段落之间的关系和文章的构成。托福作为一个标准化的考试,它的考点以及文章构造的方式总是固定的。而逻辑的展开方式,无非也就是因果、并列、递进、转折、让步那么几种。我们需要做的无非是多遍熟悉文章的写作和构建方式,之后在考试中,看到一个段落能够对段落的构建方式有准确的预判和把握。这是提高对篇章把握能力的有效方法。
对照译文重新阅读
这个步骤无非是一边读英文,一边核对中文,看看自己对于每一句话的理解是否得当。因为我们保不准会出现这样的情况:一开始以为自己读懂了,其实却是一个错误的理解。这种情况比完全没读懂还要可怕,因为它把问题隐藏了。
每天复习已经读过的文章和已经做过的错题
复习与巩固已经做错的题目,才能带来进步。很多同学喜欢做题,觉得做题很有成就感。但是如果没有对做过的题目的分析和对文章细致的理解,那做题的收效甚微。一般情况下,分析一篇文章所花的时间可能是做一篇文章的几倍。通过细致分析词汇、句子,了解阅读文章的结构特点和出题点是提高阅读速度、积累词汇、提高正确率的最有效手段。
主题 :庄子TOEFL阅读理解
主讲题材 :植物学和动物学,生物生理类
主讲题型 :主题型
要 求 :
1. 掌握专业题材文章的章法
2. 了解专业题材的出题角度和类型
主题型 :
1. 专业段子中的主题答案特征——主题标志词
l WHY 和HOW
l THE MECHANISM OF / MECHANICS
l THE CHARACTERISTICS
l THE EXPLANATION OF
l THE REASON OF
l THE EFFECTS OF
l THE ANALYSIS OF
l THE IMPACT OF
l ATTEMPTS TO EXPLAIN
2. 历史社科题材主题特征词
l DEVELOPMENT
l THE ORIGINS OF
l THE CULTURE OF
l THE EVOLUTION OF
l THE STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT
3. 人物题材文章的主题特征词:
l THE LIFE AND WORK OF
4. 主题型题目命题特征:
l 顺序第一原则:命题点在文章的第一题,
l 概括性原则:全文每段第一句的概括,
l 复现率法则:某个单词(名词)在每段第一句中的反复出现就构成主题词
5. 解体顺序利弊分析:
l 首先处理主题型:
条件:(1)阅读概括能力较强
(2)主题表识明显
(3)平时解体习惯使然,而且命中率高
好处:利于全局把握文章,解细节题时有方向性
坏处:如果解错,对后面解题有影响
l 最后处理主题型:
条件:(1)对每段第一句读得模糊
(2)整体概括能力欠缺
(3)对选项的判断不清
措施:从细节题中找出主题线索
错误选项特点:(1)局部整体差异
(2)不相干,未提及和原文矛盾的干扰项
系列教材阅读分册第二页:PASSAGE1
树叶如何变颜色
阅读原则(一):熟视无睹
忽略专业内容,读懂逻辑关系小词,把握文章的脉络,尤其是启承转合,作者命题的特点即出题的'点和出题角度。
文章中句子功能分析:
第一段:出四道题目
① 自然现象:主要名词—green leaves
② 反映化学过程 reflects a number of …processes
③ 起因于 results from
④ ——⑥句是专业解释
第二段:
⑦ . ⑧ Hence leaves appear green…以下的句子全部是要解释树叶为何绿色的专业知识。因为在第三段才出现转折关系连词NOTWITHSTANDING
第三段:
⑾ Notwithstanding 是逻辑关系转折。作者能够向何处转折呢?前文整篇阐述的是一种解释,转折只能是解释本身不完善,ETS 的两种观点解释型题目:其一标新立异,其二中庸之道。第三段不太可能反对旧观点提出另一新观点,故而不是标新立异。因为需要论证呢!所以是中庸之道。即作者对提出的现象解释不置可否。
系列教材阅读分册第8页:PASSAGE7——(熟读)
Lichen 地衣
第一段:
l 句子学习:they present mysterious still to be solved …
…as though designed to be ignored…
l 全段没有涉及任何专业知识
第二段:
l 句子学习:No casual observer of …would ever suspect that…the seemingly uncomplicated…is actually composed of … and a colony of …( which some scientists now consider to be…)
l diverse forms of
l be strikingly different from…
l every natural habitat imaginable, from deserts to tropical rain forests
l barren
系列教材阅读分册第103页:PASSAGE123
地衣lichens 讲解
lichen: algae, fungi, autotrophic, heterotrophic, photosynthesis, adverse environmental conditions,
a variety of
The lichen’s strong resistance to its hostile environment and its ability to live in harmony with such environments is one example that humanity should consider in trying to solve its own problems.
系列教材阅读分册第144页:PASSAGE32
浮游生物PLANKTON
系列教材阅读分册第166页:PASSAGE54
植物学BOTANIC
系列教材阅读分册第179页:PASSAGE123
病毒VIRUS
系列教材阅读分册第192页:PASSAGE80
细菌BACTERIA
系列教材阅读分册第184页:PASSAGE72
树的重要
系列教材阅读分册第200页:PASSAGE89,
植物拟态的性质和进化
系列教材阅读分册第209页:PASSAGE98 昆虫伪装(参考)
系列教材阅读分册第249页:PASSAGE138
沙漠植物的生存
TOEFL最新练习题选编第一册99页 Q42-50
植物的防御机理
TOEFL最新练习题选编第一册120页 Q1-12
兰花Orchids
orchids一词在老题中曾经反复出现,如91/8列举例证(系列教材阅读分册第166页PASSAGE54植物学BOTANIC)但是当该词作为文章的中心词主考时,多数人不认识。这一是告诉学生不要对老题掉以轻心。二有一种思路:“兰花”的汉语符号传达的信息只不过是告诉您这是一种植物。而ORCHID转达的信息微乎其微,但是如果从上下文推理出这是植物就完事大吉。造成文章难度的是以下几个专业术语:
l column
l blossoms
l pollination
l fertilize
l breeze
l sepals
l petals
l weird
l stigma
l intriguing
l scents
l aromatic
l ingenious
l discrete
l gorgeous
l labellum
l rampant
l lure