首先，托福阅读的时间限制需要考生快速阅读和答题
很多托福考生都说，也许在托福阅读中，最影响人的实力发挥的恐怕就是要求考生平均20分钟读完一篇文章和回答之后的题目。托福阅读不同于CET4，CET6，与高考也是有区别的，因为这些都是大约4-5篇阅读，20题。因此很多同学在一开始做托福阅读的时候，十分不适应托福阅读的时间限制，有的人甚至在考前都没有克服这个问题。所以为了高效答题，考生是不可能细读托福阅读整篇文章的。
其次，托福阅读的题目也不需要考生读全文
熟悉托福阅读考试的考生知道，托福阅读部分往往是根据文章内容顺序出题，一般每个段落对应一至两个题目。考生在答题时面对的答题单位是段落。而且需要注意的是，托福阅读题干中都有关键词，考生只需要根据题干关键词定位到文章具体内容就可顺利进行托福阅读答题。
那么，考生在托福阅读答题时怎样避免读全文呢？
考生在阅读文章时可以先阅读文章的首段前4行，注意这里不是前2行，因为现在很多文章首句通常是由专业名词组成或者是一些习语组成。因此这里建议首先读完前4行来了解文章主题方向。接下来可以看每个段落的前两句，大致了解段落主旨。然后根据以上内容整理托福阅读文章的整体框架。
在托福阅读答题时则直接看题，然后在题中找关键词回到原文，一些题目也可以通过特殊字符来辨认，比如数字，大写字母，拼写十分怪异的单词等等，当一道题没有这些标示的时候也可以通过邻近的其他试题来定位本题在原文中的位置。
阅读考试的体量和分数在托福考试中占比是比较大的，需要大家了解考试的要求。下面是我整理的2021年11月20日托福阅读考试真题及答案。
2021年11月20日托福阅读考试真题
R1
地球海洋怎么形成的
R2
鸟类集体活动
R3
两种不同的部落迁移方式
R4
一个时期的植物动物都很大，和含氧水平有关
托福阅读题型
一、细节题
先找到题目中的关键词，然后在阅读文章中找到这个关键词所在的前后所有句子，再去理解这几个句子的意思，对比题目中的四个选项，正确的选项通常是你找到的原文中句子的同义句或者是同义改写的句子。但是这种类型的题目很多正确的选项通常都表达的比较含蓄，或者是从一个思维方式上面进行的描述。
二、总结题
做这种题型的题目首先是要阅读文章每个段落的主旨句，然后再去看看选项中的答案，通过对比之后排除掉明显的错误答案，然后再比较剩下来的选项找出正确的。正确的选项是必须要和这个题目的关键句有关联的，或者是文章中段落的主旨句改写的。
三、词汇题
这种题是不需要解法的，要求学生在备考的过程中多背单词，这类题只能通过背单词来让正确率得到提升，在近几年考的最多的是熟悉的单词不同的意思，所以在背单词的时候一定要总结这种常见的单词更多不同的意思，并且要重点记这个单词不常见的意思，在考试过程中遇到的概率是非常大的。
四、推论题
首先是要找到题目中的关键词，再回到阅读文章中找到所有出现这个关键词的句子，然后再把所有出现关键词的句子综合起来总结信息，通常这类关键的信息都不会在原文中直接表达出来的，这种题目的正确选项通常都是表达的含蓄和抽象的，和细节题的做法是差不多的。
五、图表题
做这种题要把选项中的信息都分别带到原文中，然后按照原文的顺序进行分类，题目的正确答案通常是原文中提到的主要信息。
六、事实否定题
这类题目需要把选项中提到的关键词都在原文中找到，这类题目要求考生阅读的信息量很多，通常和原文中描述的信息相反的意思的是正确的，或者是在原文中没有提到的也是正确答案。
托福TPO作为大家托福备考的模考工具，它的题目对我们有很大的参考价值，为了帮助大家备考，下面我给大家带来托福TPO2Part2阅读原文及参考答案，望喜欢。
托福TPO2Part2阅读原文
The Origins Of Cetaceans
It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke1 and blowhole2 cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.
Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale. The fossil was officially named Pakicetus in honor of the country where the discovery was made. Pakicetus was found embedded in rocks formed from river deposits that were 52 million years old. The river that formed these deposits was actually not far from an ancient ocean known as the Tethys Sea.
The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales. Pakicetus probably detected sound through the ear opening as in land mammals. The skull also lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for diving. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans. It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.
Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.
An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans ("the walking whale that swam") lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It lived around 3 million years after Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus. The fossil luckily includes a good portion of the hind legs. The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea. The whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke, the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans. The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water. On land, where it probably bred and gave birth, Ambulocetus may have moved around very much like a modern sea lion. It was undoubtedly a whale that linked life on land with life at sea
Fluke: the two parts that constitute the large triangular tail of a whale
1. "Blowhole: a hole in the top of the head used for breathing
Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke3 and blowhole4 cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.
托福TPO2Part2阅读题目
Directions: Mark your answer by filling in the oval next to your choice.
1. In paragraph 1, what does the author say about the presence of a blowhole in cetaceans?
It clearly indicates that cetaceans are mammals.
It cannot conceal the fact that cetaceans are mammals.
It is the main difference between cetaceans and land-dwelling mammals.
It cannot yield clues about the origins of cetaceans.
2. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like
There were great numbers of them.
They lived in the sea only.
They did not leave many fossil remains.
Paragraph 3: The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales. Pakicetus probably detected sound through the ear opening as in land mammals. The skull also lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for diving. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans. It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.
3. The word precious in the passage is closest in meaning to
Exact
Scarce
Valuable
Initial
4. Pakicetus and modern cetaceans have similar
Hearing structures
Adaptations for diving
Skull shapes
Breeding locations
5. The word it in the passage refers to
Pakicetus
Fish
Life
ocean
Paragraph 4: Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.
6. The word exposed in the passage is closest in meaning to
Explained
Visible
Identified
Located
7. The hind leg of Basilosaurus was a significant find because it showed that Basilosaurus
Lived later than Ambulocetus natans
Lived at the same time as Pakicetus
Was able to swim well
Could not have walked on land
8. It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in which of the following locations
On land
Both on land and at sea
In shallow water
In a marine environment
Paragraph 5: An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans ("the walking whale that swam") lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It lived around 3 million years after Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus. The fossil luckily includes a good portion of the hind legs. The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea. The whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke, the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans. The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water. On land, where it probably bred and gave birth, Ambulocetus may have moved around very much like a modern sea lion. It was undoubtedly a whale that linked life on land with life at sea
9. Why does the author use the word luckily in mentioning that the Ambulocetus natans fossil included hind legs?
Fossil legs of early whales are a rare find.
The legs provided important information about the evolution of cetaceans.
The discovery allowed scientists to reconstruct a complete skeleton of the whale.
Until that time, only the front legs of early whales had been discovered.
10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone.
The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke.
Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales.
By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam.
11. The word propulsion in the passage is closest in meaning to
Staying afloat
Changing direction
Decreasing weight
Moving forward
Paragraph 1: Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. ■How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? ■Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.■Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. ■In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale.
12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.
This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.
Where would the sentence best fit?
13-14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
This passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins.
●
●
●
Answer Choices
1. Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show the link between land mammals and cetaceans.
2. The discovery of Ambulocetus natans provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.
3. The skeleton of Basilosaurus was found in what had been the Tethys Sea, an area rich in fossil evidence.
4. Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found.
5. Fossils thought to be transitional forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were found.
6. Ambulocetus' hind legs were used for propulsion in the water
托福TPO2Part2 阅读答案
参考答案：
1、2
2、1
3、3
4、3
5、1
6、2
7、4
8、4
9、2
10. 3
11. 4
12. 2
13-14. 1 2 5
托福TPO2Part2阅读原文翻译
沙漠已经占据了地球表面积约四分之一，而且最近几十年正以惊人的速度扩张。沙漠化是指类似沙漠的环境漫延到原本并非沙漠的区域。据估计，地球表面另外四分之一的地方正面临沙漠化威胁。
沙漠化主要通过以下过程实现：首先自然植被不断减少，随后风力和 雨水 加速了土壤的腐蚀。有的时候松散的土壤全部被风刮走，留下石质化的表层; 其它 情况下细小的沙粒可能会被吹走，而正常沙粒大小的砂子不断堆积，从而形成移动的沙丘或者沙脊。
即便是在保留了土壤表层的区域，植被减少也已成为土壤大量吸取地下水的能力下降的典型因素。雨水对松散土壤的冲击会把细小的粘土颗粒冲到土壤空隙中，封闭了土壤并降低土地表层水的渗透率。地表对水的吸收急剧减少，大量水资源流失，因此土壤的腐蚀率也随即增加。地表吸收水分的能力进一步弱化使得土壤越发干燥，导致植被的进一步流失，于是便形成了土壤沙漠化的恶性循环。
在一些地方，沙漠面积的扩大很大程度上归因于干燥的气候条件。在过去的几千年里，不断增加的温室效应使得一些地方干旱问题愈发严重。倘若空气污染带来的温室效应继续恶化，沙漠化进程会在未来数十年内加速实现。
然而，可以肯定的是，大部分地区沙漠化主要都是由于人类活动造成，而非自然条件导致。沙漠边缘的半干旱土地所处的生态平衡环境非常脆弱，环境压力持续增加，而这些半干旱区域适应环境压力的能力极其有限。人口数量的增加使得人们不断向土地施压，依其提供食物和燃料。在湿润的季节里，土地兴许能够应付这些压力。但是在干旱的季节里，在沙漠周边的土地上，存在着这样一个十分普遍的现象：人类对土地施加的压力远远超过了土地自身减压的能力，因此最终形成了沙漠。
导致沙漠化的主要因素有四个：过度 种植，过度放牧，过分砍伐，过度灌溉。由于人口密度增加，人们对粮食作物的种植已经扩展到日益干燥的区域进行。这些区域很有可能经常会发生干旱，所以农作物种植失败是很正常的事情。大多数农作物的种植需要事先移除天然植被，而农作物欠收后又会留下大面积荒地，非常容易被风力和雨水侵蚀。
在半干旱地区，草坪是主要的天然植被，家畜 饲养 是当地的一项主要经济活动。在一个地区过量饲养家畜会导致植被覆盖面积减少，土地被大量践踏和碾碎。通常，随之而来的就是土地硬化和加速侵蚀。
在很多国家木材是用来做饭和加热的最主要燃料。人口增加带来的压力促使人们大量砍伐木材，导致许多城市和乡村周围大面积树木和灌木减少。同时人们大量使用烘干的动物排泄物作为替代燃料同样对土壤不利，因为这些珍贵的土壤成分调节剂和植物营养资源将不会再回归至土壤当中。
造成土地沙漠化的最后一个主要人为因素在于人类过度灌溉导致土壤的盐碱化。灌溉多余的水渗透到地下水位。假如没有排水系统的存在，那么地下水位上升，把溶解的盐分带到土壤表面。水分蒸发后，盐分留在了表面，形成白色的地壳层，这一地壳层阻止了空气和水接触地底下的土壤。
沙漠化问题异常严重，这是因为有佷广阔的地区和数量庞大的人群都受到了沙漠化的影响，而且要想逆转沙漠化的进程甚至减缓沙漠化的速度都面临着巨大的困难。一旦土壤被侵蚀，需要再经过几百到上千年的时间才会产生新的土壤。那些大量土壤仍保存完好的地方，亟需一个严谨而有力的保护政策和植被覆盖计划来保护现有土地。
托福TPO2Part2阅读原文及参考答案相关 文章 ：
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4. 托福听力16-27分,我是这么做的
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为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面我给大家带来老托福阅读100篇passage 33试题及答案，希望大家喜欢!
老托福阅读100篇passage 33试题及答案
PASSAGE 33
Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.
Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question What will I do after graduation? A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.
A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to What will I do after graduation that will lead to successful career?
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) A tool to assist in making complex decisions.
(B) A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions
(C) Research on how people make decisions
(D) Differences between long-range and short-range decision making
2. The word essential in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) introductory
(B) changeable
(C) beneficial
(D) fundamental
3. The word pertinent in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) relevant
(B) preceding
(C) insightful
(D) responsive
4. Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?
(A) Listing the consequences of each solution
(B) Calculating a numerical summary of each solution
(C) Deciding which consequences are most important
(D) Writing down all possible solutions
5. According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that
(A) has the fewest variables to consider
(B) uses the most decision worksheets
(C) has the most points assigned to it
(D) is agreed to by the greatest number of people
6. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 by means of
(A) describing a process
(B) classifying types of worksheets
(C) providing historical background
(D) explaining a theory
7. The author states that On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at
once (lines 17-18) to explain that
(A) most decisions involve seven steps
(B) human mental capacity has limitations
(C) some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions
(D) people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice
8. The word succinct in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) creative
(B) satisfactory
(C) personal
(D) concise
9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A) Proponents (line 5)
(B) Optimal (line 5)
(C) Variables (line 17)
(D) Long-range goals (line 25)
10. The word it in line 24 refers to
(A) worksheet
(B) problem
(C) distinction
(D) decision
11. The word revise in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) ask
(B) explain
(C) change
(D) predict
PASSAGE 33 ADADC ABDBB C
托福阅读怎么抓住定位词
首先介绍一下，什么是定位词?
其实很简单，打个比方，你和朋友约好了去酒吧，朋友和你说酒吧在沈阳新东方正对面，这个酒吧你是不知道地点的，也就是你的目的地;而新东方却很熟知，那么你只需找到新东方便可以找到酒吧了。在这里新东方是已知的，就是用来定位的词汇，而酒吧则是你的目的所在，也便是你要找的答案。
定位词的称呼有很多，如关键词，主旨词，功能词，中心词等等。这些只是个名称罢了，含义都是一致的：一个可以根据题干回原文定位，并能够找到出处的词，这个题干中的词就是定位词 or key word。
定位词有什么样的特征?
定位词总体特征：不可变性和细节性
不可变性：定位词是用来定位的，所以必须找那些回原文依然不变的词汇，才有意义。通常不用动词和副词来定位。通常是名词或充当定语的形容词。
细节性：不要找大概念的词汇，更不要拿代表全文主旨的词汇来定位。换句话说不要找那些原文一大堆的词汇，无法定位。
如，95年英国剑桥委员会British Council给出的唯一样题 文章 的题目是:The Spectacular Eruption of Mount St.Helens
下面有一道选择题是“ According to the text the eruption of Mount St.Helens and other volcanoes has influenced our climate by…”
拿这道题为例，如果大家把Mount St.Helens 作为关键词回原文进行定位，那你会郁闷致死，全文主要讲的就是圣海伦斯火山的喷发，原文有N多个Mount St.Helens，所以即使这个词属于大写的专有名词，但他违背了细节性，是概括性的词汇，也不能作为定位词来寻找答案。
究竟哪些词在阅读当中充当定位词?
以下是定位词的分类：
1.特殊词汇
在阅读中有一些词张的比较特殊，这种词很容易被记住，也很容易回原文定位。
好比，在大街上上看到一个人光着身子跑步-------特殊难看
一个人的个子超高，像姚明一样------特殊长
一个人身上穿着10多种颜色的衣服，而且不停的摇头-----特殊怪
特殊怪，特殊长，特殊难
这三种词就是特殊词的所有特征，在文中看到这样的词，一定要警惕。如，
Sequoia 美洲杉 ---特殊怪，很好定位，也经常作为考点。
sodium 【化学】钠---特殊难，大家只要知道是一种化学元素足矣。
Simultaneous 同时的---特殊长，这种词本身的特点决定应作为定位词。
2.数字：通常指时间，金钱和百分比。
有一个道题目是这样问的：
“What are the dates of the TWO major eruptions before 1980?”
那么像1980 3185$ 69%这些词因为长相原因，段落全是英文，突然跑出来几个数字，十分显眼，也就很好回原文找到他们。
3.专有名词：斜体字，大写人名,地名，大写的专有名词，这一点大家都很熟悉，不用多说。
4.特殊符号：
在特殊符号里或者旁边的词，最好通过符号回原文进行定位，如“paper conversation”，(three cubic miles) 这些词本身并没有什么特别，但放在符号里面，就可以根据符号回原文进行寻找。
总之，在国外考试的阅读中，无论是阅读文章，还是回答后面的10几道题目，定位词的寻找，都是一种有效的应试策略，更是学术文章的阅读的重要 方法 。
托福阅读不同题型的方法和技巧
一、单词题目
平时注意单词量的积累，力求达到可以随时随地记忆单词的境界。其实我们在记忆单词的时候也可以适当地使用一些策略，那就是在我们可以把自己的侧重点放在动词和形容词的记忆上。考试过后，你就会发现这个策略的事半功倍了。此外，对于自己不认识的单词，我们应该主动回原文找 同义词，或找相关的提示信息。
二、找代词指代对象的题目
在考试中，它们主要会以如下两种形式出现。
(1)it、one、their、its、that类，这种题目主要是考查我们对于并列关系的掌握，这时，我们应该主动去看这个词所在的那整句话，从已知话中找到处于相同地位的词。
(2)考查由that、which涉及到的定语从句类，我们在面对这种题目时，应该有意识的在选项中找从句中谓语动词的发起者或接受者，因为只有这样才可以迈出通向胜利的第一步。
三、考查文章内容的题目
在历次的托福考试中，也存在着两大主要题型，即：文章细节考查题和文章结构考查题。
1、文章细节考查题
解答文章细节考查题，我们一般都可以回到原文中去做定位，找到相近或相似的内容，进而得出答案。
常见的定位有以下3种：
(1)题目本身给出定位。
(2)至少先可作出一个段落的定位。
(3)位置多夹于前后两题位置之间。
2、文章结构考查题
一定要注意：
(1)千万不要根据你读的信息去作推理。
(2)不要把文章从头到尾当成一个整体，尽可能各段独立。
(3)根据 经验，在考试中，整篇文章的最后一句出题较多，所以应该仔细阅读这个重要的 句子 。
以上是针对托福考试阅读部分的常见题型做出的一些有关于考试解题方法与技巧的分项介绍。
在整个的阅读考试中，我们还应该了解到：
(1)在这个特殊的考试时间段内，我们的记忆比理解更为重要，在解题的时候一定要完全忠实于原文，切忌私自做出任何的主观臆断。
(2)在做题步骤方面，我们可以先简读原文(主要是各个段落的第一，二句话)，而后阅读题目，最后观察选项做出判断。值得我们特别注意的是，我们在做出判断的时候，切忌不要选择在选项中存在比较，而在原文中没有明确表示过的项目;切忌不要去选择那些说法过于绝对化的选项。
上周的托福考试已经圆满结束，真题及答案也新鲜出炉。下面来跟着看一看2019年5月11日托福阅读考试真题及答案。
Passage 1 Glaciers：Formation，Movement，and Distribution 冰川：形成，移动和分布
（重复2016.06.18）
文章说冰川其实是会change和move的，只是改变的不明显而已。然后文章开始讲水循环，说冰川是一个巨大的reservoir，所以在循环的过程中非常重要。接着又讨论了冰川的形成机制，是因为积雪压实。冰川的运作分为两种：一种是冰川本身的内部流动；另外一种是冰川整体与周围的滑动，有水作为润滑的话会运动得更快。最后讲了影响冰川运作的因素，包括地理位置和海拔等等，举了华盛顿冰川的例子解释海拔的影响。
Passage 2 Optimal Foraging Among Primates灵长类动物的最优觅食策略
（重复2018.01.13）
灵长类动物觅食（foraging寻找草料），需要maximize它们每次forage能够获得的营养或者minimize每次觅食会消耗的体力。即使是叶子这种没有那么富含营养的食物。它们也会挑特定的来吃，比如会避开坚硬的果实，而选择高蛋白（high protein）的食物来吃。还说灵长类动物会根据特定地区食物的多少来调整它们觅食小分队的人数。比如一个地方食物很多，足够养活很多猩猩的话，那这些小分队又会聚拢到一起。说某一种灵长类动物，也会以这种方式聚拢，只是我们不太能够观察到（考点问为什么要说这个，答案应该就是支持作者关于灵长类动物无论什么种类都有根据特定地区食物数量来决定小分队人数这一观点）；还说到了如果没有大量的食物来源，一些比较弱的灵长类动物宁愿独自觅食也不要结成小分队，以小分队的形式来和其它小分队竞争事务，因为它们投入的cost远小于它们能够得到的。
Passage 3 Development of Mass Transportation in the United States美国大众交通的发展
（重复2018.09.16）
讲原来城市很小因为大家都是步行，后来马车出现，城市开始阶级化的分区。然后因马车有弊端，又发明了马拉轨道车，也有弊端最后到发明电轨道车。
Passage 4 Successful Invaders 成功的入侵者
（重复2017.10.28，2017.11.04）
一些植物发展不可能稳定进行，人类因素会影响植物行为，而这些人类影响并没有被科学家考虑到。一种植物被入类所利用去阻挡洪水，被分散到一些地方，如西班牙某地；由于人们引进Red Butterfly导致某地一种Bronze Butterfly逐渐减少，然后Red Butterfly就占据了这个地方，有提到用larva的特点来限制Red Butterfly的蔓延，因为在南部地区首先是larva被转移到这里所以才导致red疯长，严重影响了当地园艺工业的发展，之后提到了一种治理措施加一个例子。
Passage 5 Climate in the Triassic and Jurassic三叠纪和侏罗纪的气候
（重复2017.01.14）
第一段：Late Triassic and early Jurassic的气候特征： warm，aridity，四季分明。
第二段：broad climate regimes 是基于一些rocks去判断。
第三段：还有另外三个climate indicators揭示了当时的气候：
第四段：Late Jurassic气候开始发生变化。
第五段：Middle and Late Jurassic时期，ocean basin的water 还有特定的鱼类揭示了那时海平面很高；而且内陆海很多。北极是没有ice and glaciers的，意味着那时候温度很高。
Passage 6 Sumerian Contributions苏美尔人的文明发展
（重复2014.05.24，2015.09.05）
第1段讲到苏美尔原来人口稀少，因为每年都有洪灾。但是后来农业发展，人口增多。
第2段讲苏美尔地区土壤特别肥沃，农业的灌溉以及种植需要有人管理和监管，而 priesthood 起到了这个功能。
第3段说明Sumerian 发明了文字，当时的 cuneiform 是在 2800bc 形成的。Sumerian 是 temple city，一开始出于官方记录 temple 的建造，劳动力分工等发明了文字，后来文字延用于商业交易。
Passage 7 Urban Development in the United States in the Nineteenth Century19世纪美国的城市发展
（重复2019.03.31，2014.11.23，2014.04.27，2017.05.06）
P1-没有规划：美国19实际的城市发展整体缺乏规划，只是在局部小区域内为了吸引富人购买，开发商做了精心的布局。但是这种布局不同于我们今天所说的出于对城市空间排列和服务组织考量而进行的规划。
P2-起作用的其他因素：其他因素有经济、交通技术、人口学、以及美国人对独门独户生活和乡村生活的喜好。具体说，经济因素使得城市中的工商业发展优先选择最佳地段，并且经济带来的人们收入提高使得能够购买更大的房子和支付远距离交通；交通变革延伸了人们换乘的距离，并且降低了交通成本。
P3-起作用的其他因素：人口也影响着城市发展，一方面大量农村和外国移民移入城市，使得城市越来越大；另一方面城市中原有人口主要是中产阶级开始逃离城市搬到乡村，因为他们发现城市中的问题越来越严重，更喜好乡村生活。
P4-存在的问题：城市中的问题分成两类，一类是一直到今天都难以解决的问题如犯罪、噪音等，另一类是因为缺乏城市规划而产生的，如易发火灾和卫生条件恶劣诱发传染病。
P5-存在的问题：火灾和卫生这两个问题都和另一方面城市特点有关，那就是城市建设缺乏协同合作，最明显的例子就是道路的扭曲，使其更靠近某住户的房子，这完全是出于个人的考虑而没有整体协作。
Passage 8 The Green House Effect of Venus 金星的温室效应
（重复2019.04.14，2018.04.15）
Passage 9 青蛙的真菌感染
（重复2017.12.17）
某种fungus对青蛙的影响，探讨了细菌的传播及可能的起源。
Passage 10 一种污染物在极地的传播
通过水路，空气，烟雾等等方式。
Passage 11 欧洲北美建筑的异同
Passage 12 Disease and History 疾病与历史
（重复2015.01.10）
Passage 13 Models of Egg Development 蛋的发育模型
（重复2019.03.16，2015.09.19，2014.09.27）
古生物学家Romer认为，当某些水生的两栖动物正在进化出像爬行动物一样的骨骼时，他们便把蛋产在陆地上，这样做的好处是避免自己的水生幼虫只能待在水里，因而面临着水里捕猎者和水池干涸的风险，但把蛋产在陆地上也有风险，尤其是被空气干燥的风险，所以蛋的外层发展出了一系列的保护膜，包括硬壳这样的保护层也发展出来了。
古生物学家Kohring认为，两栖动物在Mississippian时代扩张进入了营养贫瘠或寒冷的水中，为了应对这种严酷环境，他们产出更大蛋黄的卵来为了后代储备营养，而更大的蛋黄使得蛋更大，产蛋的数量更少，为了保护这个更大的蛋完好无损，一到多个保护膜被发展出来，有了外层保护膜，便能够把有毒的钙离子安全储备在外层膜里，钙离子在外层硬壳的积累使得这些两栖动物提前适应了将蛋产在陆地上。
Gary和Packard关注的不是保护膜如何出现，而是保护膜出现后蛋壳的发展过程，Packard认为最早的爬行动物是在潮湿的陆地上产生类似皮革的坚韧带壳的蛋，这样这种蛋便可在发育过程中从环境吸水，但是由于这种蛋受到捕猎的昆虫和微生物的威胁，爬行动物便开始向蛋分泌碳酸钙层，碳酸钙层虽能保护蛋，但妨碍了水分的吸收，作为补偿，含有大量水溶性蛋清的蛋演变出来，此时，爬行动物的蛋已经发展到了带有坚固外壳、并像鸟蛋一样复杂的程度。
Mary和Seymour注意到两栖动物的卵之所以不能达到爬行动物蛋的大小，是因为卵周围的明胶层不能很好地传送氧气，因此蛋进化上的重大突破来自于明胶层的清除，取而代之是纤维状生物膜，这样才能允许更大的蛋进化出来。
Passage 14 生物入侵
一种cheatgrass。
Passage 15 Reconstructing Ancient Environment重建古代环境
（重复2018.09.08，2014.03.01）
考古文化。首段引入介绍考古学需要建立古代地球环境，以下各段分别从植物遗迹（floral remains）、动物遗迹（faunal remains）和人体遗迹的角度进行古代环境的重建，最后两段引入地质考古学（geoarchaeology）的概念，以及用埃及的例子来解释地质和考古学如何相互结合来重新构建古代环境。
Passage 16 人类对味觉重量差别的感知
词汇题：
1. segmented=divided gathered 分割的
2. vow=promise 誓言
3. transmit=communicate 传播
4. proliferation=expand 增加
5. prevailing =common 普遍的
6. discrete = distinct 离散的，分明的
7. simultaneously = at the same time 同时地
8. routinely = regularly 例行公事地
9. obtained = gathered 获得
10. are preserved = survive 得以保留
11. a wealth of data = a lot of information 大量数据
12. encompass = include 包含
13. prolifically = abundantly 丰富地
14. readily = easily 容易地
15. prior to = before 在之前
16. steadily = continually 稳定持续地
17. plague = cause trouble for 招致问题
18. abrupt = sudden 突然的
19. dispersed = scattered 分开了的
20. deficiencies = shortages 缺陷
21. emerging = appearing 出现
22. exclusively = only唯一，仅仅
23. accumulating = collecting 积累
24. counter = combat对抗，敌对
25. breakthrough = development 突破，发展
26. constituents = components 组成部分
27. excavated = dug from the ground 提取
28. characteristic = typical 典型的
29. alteration = modification 变化
30. formerly = once 以前
31. relevance = significance 中肯的观点
rudimentary = basic 基本的
新托福考试内容主要包含以下几点：
新托福考试内容之阅读内容
新托福阅读一共有三篇文章，每篇文章650-750个单词，是新托福考试题型之一，阅读满分为30分，考试时间60分钟。
新托福考试内容之听力内容
新托福考试听力取消了短对话，由两篇较长的校园情景对话和四篇课堂演讲组成，每段演讲对应6道试题，每个对话对应5道试题，这个部分持续大约50分钟。
新托福听力的满分为30分，有34—51题，新托福听力包括学术讲座和长对话问题，有主旨题、功能/目的题、细节题、情景理解题、组织结构题、连接内容题、推论题等题型。
新托福考试内容之口语内容
这个部分共有6题，持续约20分钟。
第一、二题要求考生就某一话题阐述自己的观点。
第三、四题要求考生首先在45秒内阅读一段短文，随后短文隐去，播放一段与短文有关的对话或课堂演讲。最后，要求考生根据先前阅读的短文和播放的对话或课堂演讲回答相关问题，考生有30秒钟的准备时间，然后进行60秒钟的回答。
第五、六题要求考生听一段校园情景对话或课堂演讲，然后回答相关问题。
新托福口语的满分为30分，采用人机对话，主要有非限制性题、二选一题、校园事件题、学术题、学校生活题等题型。
新托福考试内容之写作内容
要求考生在1小时内完成两篇作文，满分为30分。
其中一篇类似于老托福的写作，要求考生在30分钟内就某一话题阐述自己的观点，字数要求为300字以上。
另一篇则要求考生首先阅读一篇文章，五分钟以后，文章隐去，播放一段与文章有关的课堂演讲。
新托福考试内容之加试内容
托福考试可能遇到加试，一般实际考试中，考生往往会在听力或阅读部分碰到加试试题，也有可能阅读、听力两部分同时被加试。加试部分不算分，但是会被作为参考。
希望我的回答能帮助到你~望采纳~
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