错词的情况最为复杂,大致可分为虚词选择错误、实词词形错误、同(近)义、形似词选择错误等。
虚词选择错误
① 介词或副词选择错误:这种情况极为复杂,各种情况都有可能。这里只提供几组作为参考:before / ago, among / between, after / in, below / under, on / above / over, across / through, except / besides, with / in(用), to / for (对于), like / as 等。
② 连词选择错误或连词与介词混淆。如:because / for(since, as), if / whether, if / unless, so as / so that, hardly … when / no sooner… than, while / when, till / until等。
③ 感叹句用词选择错误:how / what。
④ 冠词选择错误:a / an, a (an) / the。
实词词形错误
① 名词词形错误:名词的单复数形式,特别注意不规则名词的复数形式;名词的所有格,特别注意不规则复数名词的所有格,如:the children’s;名词所有格的绝对形式。如:My son is older than my elder brother’
② 动词词形错误:不规则动词的过去式、过去分词形式错误,特别注意几组易于混淆的词,如:lie(躺) / lie(说谎) / lay;hang(挂) / hang(绞死);find / found(建立);fall / fell(砍倒);bear(忍受) / bear(生育)等的过去式与过去分词。非谓语动词用法的选择,特别是充当状语、表语、定语或宾语补足语时是用过去分词还是现在分词(取决于主语、名词中心词与宾语的关系);在 to 后是用不定式还是动名词(取决于to是介词还是小品词);以及在并列结构中后面动词的形式,必须与第 1 个动词保持一致。谓语动词时态形式的选择,是现在时还是过去时还是其他时态;情态动词和 will(would), shall (should) 等助动词后面的动词形式的选择(只能用原形)。
③ 形容词与副词词形错误:是用原级、比较级还是级,是加 more, most 还是加 -er, -est 构成比较级和级。
④ 词性选择错误:不同的词性充当不同的句子成分,要注意实词的词性是否适合其功能,不符合则应换用适当的派生词。其中特别要注意:连系动词后常用形容词充当表语,而不用副词。如:He feels 作状语用副词,而不用形容词。如:He works
同义词、近义词、形似词选择错误
这里举一些常见的例子:
accept / receive, alive, living / lively, allow / let, alone / lonely, aloud / loudly, already / yet / still, also / too / either, number / amount / quantity, answer / reply, asleep / sleepy / sleeping, bring / take / fetch / carry, clothes / clothing, deep / deeply, cost / spend / take / pay, hard / hardly, high / highly, job / work, late / lately, lend / borrow, raise / rise, say / speak / tell / talk, sit / seat, sound / noise / voice
1、形容词与副词的误用。
如exciting与excited,hard与hardly,possible与possibly,here与there等,以及形容词与副词的比较级与最高级。
2、名词的单复数误用。
如在several,many,various,different,a few,one of等之后,常用名词的复数,在every与each之后常用单数。
3、代词的误用。
如you与your,it’s与its,it与they或them,one与ones,宾格(如me)与反身代词(如myself)等的误用。
4、介词的误用、缺少或多余。
常见的如in 与on,to与for,instead与instead of,because与because of等的误用。
5、时态的错误。
看一篇文章,要有一种大局观,要上前下挂,看看上下文的时态是否一致。
6、连词的误用。
如or与and的误用,and与but的误用,so与but的误用,because或since与so连用,though与but连用等。
7、第三人称单数后的动词形式。
8、一些固定结构的误用。
如被误用作,被误用,被误作等。
9、定语从句中关系词的误用。
10、 一些常用词的误用。
如what与how,except与besides,any与some以及它们的合成词如anything与something,anywhere与somewhere等混淆不清。
五、验证答案
改完后,要回过头来重读一遍全文,查看改过后是否能使语气通顺,时态一致,合乎逻辑。再次通读可以在初改时感觉不顺的地方集中精力,仔细推敲,使答案更加准确。
六、要多读多背,增强语感
多一冠词
① 与介词 at, in, to连用的名词 school, class, town, hospital, church, prison, bed 等表示与其有关的活动时,用冠词是多余的。
如:go to the school(上学), be in the prison(坐牢), be in the bed(在睡觉)
② 与 by 连用的交通工具名称和 air, land, sea 等名词前用冠词是多余的。
如:by the bike, by the sea, by the train
③ 表示游戏活动而不是表示游戏工具的名词前不用冠词。
如:play the / a volleyball, play the chess, play the table tennis
④ 由“专有名词 + 普通名词”构成的专有名词前不用定冠词。
如:the Beijing Airport, the Oxford Street, the Hyde Park
⑤ 在一些固定搭配中。
如:at the first, at the last, the most of us
⑥ most 作“非常”解时,前面用 the 是多余的。
如:
Oh! It’s the most beautiful!
She is the most
⑦ 含有 Day 的节日前加 the 是多余的。
如:the May Day, the Women’s Day, the National day, the New Year’s Day
⑧ 在“名词 + as / though…”结构中,名词前不用任何冠词。
如:a child as he is / a fool as he is
多一代词
① 主语与谓语之间多一关系代词。
如:
Some people don’t like football, but many people who do like
② 作定语的分词前多一关系代词。
如:
I know the boy who standing (也可在 who 后加 is)
The man who invited to the ball last night is my (也可在 who 后加was)
③ 定语从句中的名词已由关系代词取代,再用代词则是多余的。
如:
She bought the book (that) she had first asked for
I have seen the girl (whom) you are talking of
④ 用不定式作定语时,如果其逻辑宾语或介词宾语就是被修饰的名词词组,后面再用代词是多余的。
如:
The tea is too hot to drink
He is a good comrade to work with
⑤ 在“形容词 + 不定式”句型中,如果不定式的逻辑宾语或介词宾语就是句子的主语,再用代词作宾语或介词宾语则是多余的。
如:
This question is too difficult to answer
The house is nice to live in
⑥ 在“连词 + 分词 / 名词 / 形容词 / 副词 / 介词词组”结构中,加上代词作主语是多余的。
如:
He took notes while he
If it heated, ice turns to
多一介词或副词
① 有些动词在汉语中是不及物动词,在英语中是及物动词,可能多一个介词。
如:serve for the people, follow after him, play with her in a match, marry with her, engage withher
② 有些动词可作及物动词,也可作不及物动词,但搭配不同,可能混淆而多一个介词。
如:join in the game, 但 join in the club; pay for a TV set, 但 pay for three dollars; search for the map, 但 search for the thief for his watch
③ 有些“动词 + 介词”形式的动词后面没有宾语时,后面的介词是多余的。
如:
He looked at but could see
How are you getting on with?
④ 有些动词、名词、形容词后接名词或代词时须加一个介词,但接that从句时,必须去掉介词。
如:agree to it, 但 agree to ; be sure of it, 但be sure of that…; be sorry for it, 但 be sorry for that…
⑤ 有些副词或介词词组后加一个介词,组成了复合介词,若后面没有接宾语时,最后的介词则是多余的。
如:
If you won’t go, I’ll go instead
He walked out
⑥ 有些连词后加 of 成为复合介词,如果后接从句,of 是多余的。
如:Because of he was ill…
⑦ 地点副词的意义中已经包含了介词 to,如果再用 to则是多余的。
如:on my way to there, get to home, go to upstairs, return to home
⑧ last year, next month, this week, one day等名词词组直接充当时间状语,前面用介词是多余的。
⑨ 有些动词受汉语意思影响而多一副词。
如:stop down(停下来), raise up (举起来), return back(归来,回来), repeat again (复述)
⑩ 有些动词在一种用法中要加副词,而在另一种用法中加副词则是多余的。
如:build up our country, 但 build up railways
多一代词
① 主语与谓语之间多一关系代词。
如:
Some people don’t like football, but many people who do like
② 作定语的分词前多一关系代词。
如:
I know the boy who standing (也可在 who 后加 is)
The man who invited to the ball last night is my (也可在 who 后加was)
③ 定语从句中的名词已由关系代词取代,再用代词则是多余的。
如:
She bought the book (that) she had first asked for
I have seen the girl (whom) you are talking of
④ 用不定式作定语时,如果其逻辑宾语或介词宾语就是被修饰的名词词组,后面再用代词是多余的。
如:
The tea is too hot to drink
He is a good comrade to work with
⑤ 在“形容词 + 不定式”句型中,如果不定式的逻辑宾语或介词宾语就是句子的主语,再用代词作宾语或介词宾语则是多余的。
如:
This question is too difficult to answer
The house is nice to live in
⑥ 在“连词 + 分词 / 名词 / 形容词 / 副词 / 介词词组”结构中,加上代词作主语是多余的。
如:
He took notes while he
If it heated, ice turns to
多一助动词
① 时间、条件从句中用一般现在时表示将来时,用 will, would 是多余的。
如:
If he will try hard, he will
I’ll tell them about it as soon as they will
② be sure 或 make sure + that 从句中用一般现在时表将来,用 will, would 是多余的。
如:
I make sure that you will come
③ 在宾语从句中主语前的助动词是多余的。
如:
Would you tell me what do you want?
④ 独立结构中的 be(助动词或连系动词)是多余的。
如:
The game was over, he went
She smiled, tears were still running down her
从语法角度审查
1、查看时态是否一致。
My favorite sport is I was a member of our football 全文都是用的一般现在时,此句中的was显然与上下文语境不符,应改为am。
2、查看主谓是否一致。
Anyone may borrow books, and it cost nothing to borrow cost应改为costs,因其主语是it(为形式主语),且上下文均为一般现在时。
3、查指代是否一致。
The Smiths did his best to make me feel at 句中的主语the Smiths表的是Smith一家人,因此指示代词his应改为their。
4、查平行结构是否平行一致。
由and, or, but, , , not , as well as等并列连词和词组连接的结构可称为平行结构。
It was very kind of them to meet me at the railway station and drove me to their 句中的drove显然与and前面的to meet不平行,应改为drive。
5、查名词的单复数与修饰词语或上下文是否一致。
We study quite a few subject, such as Maths, quite a few 只能修饰复数名词,故subject应改为subjects。
6、查行文逻辑是否一致。
Most people can quickly get help from a doctor or go to a hospital since they are 根据行文逻辑,这里不应该由since来引导原因状语从句,而应该是when / whenever或if来引导时间或条件状语从句。
短文改错的复习重点
1、考生必须熟悉设错方式:多词、少词、错词。
⑴ 多词现象大多出现在冠词、介词、助动词、连词、语义重复及行文逻辑等方面。
⑵ 少词现象主要出现在冠词、介词、副词、助动词、不定式符号to、连词等。
⑶ 错词现象主要在冠词、介词、名词单复数、动词时态、非谓语动词、主谓一致、代词、连词、词形。
2、考生平时应加强基本功训练,用一个“错题集”本把自己或同学在书面表达中出现的错误归纳一下,以便考前复习。
短文改错与书面表达一样,最能反映一个人的语言功底。考生在该题上失分最厉害,因为此题而影响英语总成绩的占大多数。
对全文的宏观把握
学生应把改错内容当作一篇小短文来理解,这样能对短文有个宏观把握,对上下文有全面的了解。
在理解篇章的基础上逐句审读,分析判断,上下兼顾,把明显的、拿的准的题先做完,这样可以缩小包围圈,也有助于对全文的进一步理解。
高一英语短文改错常考知识点:主谓一致
从广义来说,英语中的一致问题涉及多个方面,如主谓一致、人称的一致、并列结构的前后一致等。由于人称的一致已归入“代词”考点、并列结构的前后一致已分别归入非谓语动词、时态等,所以这里只归纳主谓一致问题。
真题单句归纳:
(1) Bill was standing at the side of the car, talking to two men who was
helping him to repair (was 改为were,因先行词 two men 是复数,所以修饰该先行词的定语从句的谓语动词也应用复数)
(全国卷)
(2)Playing football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also give
us a sense of fair play and team (give 改为 gives,它与makes
为平行结构,构成并列谓语动词)
(3) But then there is always more mysteries to look (is 改为 are,因其后的
mysteries 为复数,故谓语动词要用复数) (北京春季卷)
(4) One evening she told me that something happened when their parents was
(was改为were,因为主语their parents是复数,所以不用was要用were)(福建卷)
错词的情况最为复杂,大致可分为虚词选择错误、实词词形错误、同(近)义、形似词选择错误等。
虚词选择错误
① 介词或副词选择错误:这种情况极为复杂,各种情况都有可能。这里只提供几组作为参考:before / ago, among / between, after / in, below / under, on / above / over, across / through, except / besides, with / in(用), to / for (对于), like / as 等。
② 连词选择错误或连词与介词混淆。如:because / for(since, as), if / whether, if / unless, so as / so that, hardly … when / no sooner… than, while / when, till / until等。
③ 感叹句用词选择错误:how / what。
④ 冠词选择错误:a / an, a (an) / the。
实词词形错误
① 名词词形错误:名词的单复数形式,特别注意不规则名词的复数形式;名词的所有格,特别注意不规则复数名词的所有格,如:the children’s;名词所有格的绝对形式。如:My son is older than my elder brother’
② 动词词形错误:不规则动词的过去式、过去分词形式错误,特别注意几组易于混淆的词,如:lie(躺) / lie(说谎) / lay;hang(挂) / hang(绞死);find / found(建立);fall / fell(砍倒);bear(忍受) / bear(生育)等的过去式与过去分词。非谓语动词用法的选择,特别是充当状语、表语、定语或宾语补足语时是用过去分词还是现在分词(取决于主语、名词中心词与宾语的关系);在 to 后是用不定式还是动名词(取决于to是介词还是小品词);以及在并列结构中后面动词的形式,必须与第 1 个动词保持一致。谓语动词时态形式的选择,是现在时还是过去时还是其他时态;情态动词和 will(would), shall (should) 等助动词后面的动词形式的选择(只能用原形)。
③ 形容词与副词词形错误:是用原级、比较级还是级,是加 more, most 还是加 -er, -est 构成比较级和级。
④ 词性选择错误:不同的词性充当不同的句子成分,要注意实词的词性是否适合其功能,不符合则应换用适当的派生词。其中特别要注意:连系动词后常用形容词充当表语,而不用副词。如:He feels 作状语用副词,而不用形容词。如:He works
同义词、近义词、形似词选择错误
这里举一些常见的例子:
accept / receive, alive, living / lively, allow / let, alone / lonely, aloud / loudly, already / yet / still, also / too / either, number / amount / quantity, answer / reply, asleep / sleepy / sleeping, bring / take / fetch / carry, clothes / clothing, deep / deeply, cost / spend / take / pay, hard / hardly, high / highly, job / work, late / lately, lend / borrow, raise / rise, say / speak / tell / talk, sit / seat, sound / noise / voice
【微语】能带来更好结果的语言:你的想法如何?