教培参考
教育培训行业知识型媒体
发布时间: 2024年11月23日 15:05
虚拟语气在一些特殊词中的使用或含蓄条件句
后的宾语从句。
与现在愿望不一致,用主语十过去时,例如:
I wi。hIwere
与过去愿望不一致,用主语+had+过去分词,例如:Iwish I had visited the White House whenI was in the States与将来愿望不一致,用主语+would (could)+原形。
's time句型:当lt's tine后用that从句时应该为主i吾+should+动词原形或主语十过去时,例如:It,s time thatyou went to 或It's time that you should go to schooL
3- If only引起的感叹句相当于“How I wish+宾语从句”。
(l)If only he could 他要能来就好了。
(2)If only I had known the 我要早知道答案就好了。
rather,as if(though)引导的从句也需使用虚拟语气,表示过去的情况用过去完成时,表示现在与将来的情况用过去时,例如:
(l)I'd rather you posted the letter right
(2)She loves the children as if they were
含蓄虚拟条件句含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句,而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常用来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有:
(1)介词或介词短语。如but for,but that,without,in case of, under more favorable condition等。
(2)连词。如so that, unless, in case, supposing,lest, provided(倘若……),for fear that(唯恐),in orderthat, on condition that, if only(要是……就好了)等。
注意:lest, for fear that和in case引起的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形,但也可以不用虚拟语气,而用动词的陈述语气形式。例如:The foreign teacher spokeslowly in case we misunderstood him这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们误解。
(3)通过上下文及内在含义,句中往往有but,otherwise, unfortunately等类似转折词。
without, but for, otherwise引起的短语或句子常暗含着含蓄条件。例如:
①Without you,1 would never know him
②But for your oooperation, we wouldn't have done it
③But that she was afraid, she would have said .
④i would be most glad to help you, butI am busy
⑤I would have come to the party yesterday, but ljwas
⑥I am busy now, otherwise l would do you the favor!
现在完成时
1、 现在完成时的概念:现在完成时表示动作发生在过去,其结果对现在有影响。例:Tom has gone out (go的动作发生在过去,对现在有影响)
2、 延续性动词可以和表示一段时间的时间状语连用;非延续性动词则不可以。例:正确说法:The train has been in the station for two hours;
错误说法:The train has stopped in the station for two
(这辆火车进站停了两个小时)
延续性动词 非延期性动词
定义 动作有持续性,可以持续一段时间。如:live(居住)就可live一年两年。运作在短时间内结束,不能延续。如marry(结婚)就不能marry一年两年。
例词 Listen,play,rain,work Arrive,begin,borrow,finish
3、现在完成时的构成:
(1)have(has)+过去分词:Tom has gone out。
(2)现在完成时的否定和疑问形式:否定形式在have、has后加not;疑问形式将Have、has提前,如Has Tom gone out。
(3)过去分词的概念及其变化形式:
概念:它和现在进行时中的“动词的ing形式”一样,只是英语中表达时态的一种固定形式。
变化形式:大多数动词的过去分词的外形和动词的过去式完全一样。只有那些不规则变化的动词,不运词的过去式不一样。具体参照“不规则动词表”。
当主语是第三人称单数时
肯定句主语+动词三单+其他
否定句主语+doesn't+动词原形+其他
一般疑问句Does+主语+动词原形+其他
肯定回答Yes,主语+does
否定回答No,主语+doesn't
特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
当主语不是第三人称单数时
肯定句主语+动词原形+其他
否定句主语+don't+动词原形+其他
一般疑问句Do+主语+动词原形+其他
用错结构全句都错,一定要注意。
一般现在时表示经常的或习惯性的动作,常与表示频率的时间状语连用。
所谓垂悬结构(The Dangling Construction)就是一个句子成分,如分词短语,不定式动词短语等,找不到被修饰的主语或被修饰的对象不合逻辑。垂悬结构是种错误的句法,应该避免。
下面是三种常见的垂悬结构及其改正方法:
⒈垂悬分词或分词短语,如:
① Climbing up the hill, several boars were
这句子里的现在分词短语(present participial phrase)修饰主语“several boars”是错的;改正方法有二:
(a)确定是逻辑主语,使句子变成“Climbing up the hill, the explorers saw several ”
(b)把现在分词短语扩大为副词分句(也称状语从句):“When the explorers climbed up the hill, they saw several boars/ several boars were ”
⒉垂悬副词短语,如:
② After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to
这句的副词短语(adverb phrase)和主语“the fish”有什么逻辑关系呢?真正的逻辑主语应该是“the fisherman”或“the angler”才对。改正方法和例①同:
(a) After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fisherman found that the fish began to
(b) After the fisherman had put a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to
⒊垂悬不定式动词短语,如:
③ To write well, a lot of practice is
④ To be a loyal employee, a sense of belonging is a
这两个句子的不定式动词短语(infinitive phrases)并不能修饰“practice”和“a sense of belonging”,真正的主语必须是“ 人”,如:
(a) To write well, one needs a lot of practice/a person has to practise a
(b) To be a loyal employee, he or she must have a sense of
上述三类垂悬结构中,第一类发生的频率最高,必须注意。但是在下列三种情况下,分词短语是对的,它们并非垂悬结构:
第一,独立结构(The Absolute Construction,见3月7日《中英合谈》)中的分词短语有自己的主语,所以不是垂悬结构。例如:
① Such being the case, we can go home ……it is not wrong to call it a
第二,当分词含有介词或连词性质时,它不需要逻辑主语,所以没有垂悬问题存在。例如:
② Owing to a lack of funds, the project has to be
③ Provided that there is sufficient time, everyone can do the job
第三,当分词短语是用来表示说话者的态度或意见时,也不需要逻辑主语,因此也不存在着垂悬问题。例如:
④ Judging from his facial look, the news must have been
⑤ Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong with the logic behind that
【微语】我们经常会错误地以为,得不到的才是珍贵的。